Table 1.
Prevalence of use of dietary supplements and sports nutrition products.
| Gender | Age (Years) | Sporting Frequency per Year | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Men | Women | 15–20 | 21–35 | 36–50 | 51–65 | 66–80 | 0 | 1–11 | 12–59 | 60–119 | >120 | |
| (n = 791) | (n = 753) | (n = 111) | (n = 358) | (n = 400) | (n = 422) | (n = 253) | (n = 401) | (n = 137) | (n = 484) | (n = 275) | (n = 247) | ||
| A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | ||
| Dietary supplements | |||||||||||||
| Multivitamins/minerals | 28 (26–30) | 23 (20–26) | 32 (29–35) a | 26 (18–34) | 32 (27–37) f,g | 29 (25–31) | 25 (21–29) | 23 (18–28) | 22 (18–26) | 24 (17–31) | 27 (23–31) | 34 (28–40) h,i,j | 34 (28–40) h,i,j |
| Vitamin C | 19 (17–21) | 17 (14–20) | 21 (18–24) | 20 (13–27) | 23 (19–27) g | 19 (15–23) | 19 (15–23) | 13 (9–17) | 15 (11–19) | 17 (11–23) | 20 (16–24) | 22 (17–27) h | 22 (17–27) h |
| Vitamin D | 16 (14–18) | 12 (10–14) | 20 (17–23) a | 13 (7–19) | 17 (13–21) | 12 (9–15) | 16 (12–18) | 21 (16–26) e | 14 (10–18) | 16 (10–22) | 15 (12–18) | 17 (13–21) | 18 (13–23) |
| Calcium | 8 (7–9) | 5 (3–7) | 11 (9–13) a | 7 (2–12) | 6 (3–9) | 5 (3–7) | 11 (8–14) d,e | 14 (10–18) c,d,e | 7 (5–9) | 7 (3–11) | 6 (4–8) | 9 (5–13) | 13 (9–17) h,j |
| Magnesium | 7 (6–8) | 3 (2–4) | 10 (8–12) a | 10 (4–16) d,e | 5 (3–7) | 4 (2–6) | 9 (6–12) d,e | 9 (5–13) e | 7 (5–9) | 5 (1–9) | 5 (3–7) | 6 (3–9) | 11 (7–15) h,j,k |
| Essential fatty acids/fish oil | 5 (4–6) | 3 (2–4) | 6 (4–8) a | 6 (2–10) | 4 (2–6) | 5 (3–7) | 6 (4–8) | 3 (1–5) | 3 (1–5) | 4 (1–7) | 6 (4–8) | 6 (3–9) | 4 (1–7) |
| Iron | 5 (4–6) | 4 (3–5) | 7 (5–9) a | 8 (3–13) | 7 (4–10) | 5 (3–7) | 4 (2–6) | 5 (2–8) | 4 (2–6) | 6 (2–10) | 5 (3–7) | 7 (4–10) | 8 (5–11) h |
| Caffeine | 5 (4–6) | 6 (4–8) | 5 (4–6) | 16 (9–23) d,e,f,g | 8 (5–11) e,f,g | 3 (1–5) | 3 (1–5) | 2 (0–4) | 3 (1–5) | 3 (0–6) | 6 (4–8) h | 6 (3–9) h | 8 (5–11) h |
| Probiotics | 7 (6–8) | 4 (3–5) | 9 (7–11) a | 7 (2–12) | 7 (4–10) | 7 (5–9) | 7 (5–9) | 5 (2–8) | 5 (3–7) | 5 (2–8) | 7 (5–9) | 8 (5–11) | 7 (4–10) |
| Zinc | 3 (2–4) | 3 (2–4) | 2 (1–3) | 2 (0–4) | 3 (1–5) | 2 (0–4) | 3 (1–5) | 3 (1–5) | 1 (0–2) | 4 (1–7) | 3 (1–5) | 2 (0–4) | 4 (1–7) h |
| Creatine | 1 (0–2) | 1 (0–2) | 1 (0–2) | 1 (−1–3) | 2 (1–3) f | 1 (0–2) f | 0 | 1 (1–3) | 0 | 0 | 1 (0–2) | 0 | 4 (1–7) h,j |
| B-alanine | 1 (0–2) | 1 (0–2) | 1 (0–2) | 1 (−1–3) | 1 (0–2) | 0 | 1 (0–2) | 1 (0–2) | 0 | 1 (0–2) | 1 (0–2) | 0 | 2 (0–4) h |
| Beetroot juice/nitrate | 1 (0–2) | 1 (0–2) | 1 (0–2) | 0 | 0 | 2 (1–3) | 1 (0–2) | 2 (0–4) | 0 | 1 (0–2) | 1 (0–2) | 2 (0–4) | 2 (0–4) |
| Sodium bicarbonate | 1 (0–2) | 1 (0–2) | 1 (0–2) | 1 (−1–3) | 0 | 1 (0–2) | 1 (0–2) | 1 (0–2) | 1 (0–2) | 1 (0–2) | 0 | 1 (0–2) | 1 (0–2) |
| HMB * | 0 | 1 (0–2) | 0 | 2 (0–4) | 0 | 1 (0–2) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (0–2) | 1 (0–2) | 0 | 1 (0–2) |
| Quercetin | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (0–2) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (0–2) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Other than these DS’s | 4 (3–5) | 3 (2–4) | 5 (3–7) a | 5 (0–10) | 6 (3–9) e,f | 3 (1–5) | 3 (1–5) | 3 (1–5) | 3 (1–5) | 5 (2–8) | 3 (2–4) | 5 (2–8) | 7 (4–10) h,j |
| None | 51 (50–52) | 57 (56–58) | 44 (42–46) | 55 (41–59) | 43 (40–46) | 53 (51–55) | 52 (50–54) | 54 (52–56) | 59 (57–61) | 49 (46–52) | 50 (49–51) | 47 (44–50) | 44 (41–47) |
| Sports nutrition products | |||||||||||||
| Energy drinks | 22 (20–24) | 27 (24–30) a | 16 (13–19) | 43 (34–52) e,f,g | 36 (31–41) e,f,g | 21 (17–25) f,g | 13 (10–16) g | 2 (0–4) | 10 (7–13) | 21 (14–28) h | 25 (21–29) h | 26 (5) h | 29 (6) h |
| Isotonic drinks | 19 (17–21) | 23 (20–26) a | 15 (12–18) | 37 (28–46) d,e,f,g | 27 (22–32) e,f,g | 21 (17–25) f,g | 11 (8–14) g | 5 (2–8) | 5 (3–7) | 17 (11–23) h | 20 (16–24) h | 28 (5) h,i,j | 30 (6) h,i,j |
| Protein shakes | 5 (4–6) | 5 (3–7) | 5 (3–8) | 7 (2–12) f,g | 10 (7–13) e,f,g | 6 (4–8) f,g | 3 (2–4) | 2 (0–4) | 2(1–3) | 3 (0–6) | 5 (3–7) h | 7 (3) h | 14 (4) h,i,j,k |
| Recovery drinks | 3 (2–4) | 5 (3–7) a | 1 (0–2) | 7 (2–12) f | 5 (3–7) f | 3 (1–5) | 1 (−1–3) | 0 | 0 | 1 (-1–3) | 3 (1–5) | 4 (2) | 8 (3) i,j,k |
| Energy gels | 1 (0–2) | 1 (0–2) | 1 (0–2) | 1 (−1–3) | 1 (0–2) | 2 (1–3) f | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (0–2) | 0 | 1 (1) | 4 (2) j,k |
| None of these SNPs | 66 (64–68) | 61 (58–64) | 72 (69–75) | 38 (37–39) | 49 (48–50) | 64 (63–65) | 80 (76–84) | 92 (88–96) | 86 (85–87) | 67 (66–68) | 64 (60–68) | 55 (54–56) | 52 (51–53) |
Sample size n = 1544, and sample size per subgroup was given as (n). All data is presented as a percentage and 95 CI. Capital letters are used as a label for subgroups within categories for gender, age, and sporting frequency. Lower case letters displayed below a specific value indicate that this value is significantly larger than the corresponding capital letters. * HMB: beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate.