Table 3.
Effect of Tai Chi Chuan on static and dynamic balance in older adults
| Parameter | Group | Pre | Post | Change (%) | Effect Size | Group Effect | Time Effect | Group × Time | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dynamic balance | RTcomp b (s) | Tai Chi | 0.86 ± 0.21 | 0.81 ± 0.19 | 5.8 | 0.24 | N.S. | N.S. | N.S. |
| Control | 0.84 ± 0.32 | 0.85 ± 0.25 | 1.2 | 0.03 | |||||
| MVLcomp b (deg/s) | Tai Chi | 4.30 ± 1.99 | 4.11 ± 1.23 | 4.4 | 0.10 | N.S. | N.S. | N.S. | |
| Control | 4.58 ± 2.24 | 4.04 ± 1.44 | 11.8 | 0.24 | |||||
| EPEcomp b (%) | Tai Chi | 64.6 ± 13.6 | 73.1 ± 9.4 | 13.1 | 0.63 | N.S. | F = 15.614 (p < 0.05) | N.S. | |
| Control | 60.1 ± 13.2 | 65.5 ± 9.7 | 9.0 | 0.41 | |||||
| MXEcomp b (%) | Tai Chi | 79.3 ± 10.6 | 89.0 ± 7.2 | 12.3 | 0.92 | F = 5.676 (p < 0.05) | F = 43.500 (p < 0.05) | N.S. | |
| Control | 73.3 ± 13.0 | 82.3 ± 9.4 | 12.3 | 0.69 | |||||
| DCLcomp a (%) | Tai Chi | 73.0 ± 8.8 * | 74.8 ± 5.0 | 2.58 | 0.21 | N.S. | F = 64.474 (p < 0.05) | N.S. | |
| Control | 66.1 ± 8.6 * | 73.9 ± 7.6 | 11.9 | 0.91 | |||||
| Static balance | SVcomp b (deg/s) | Tai Chi | 1.16 ± 0.38 | 1.09 ± 0.34 | 6.0 | 0.19 | N.S. | N.S. | N.S. |
| Control | 1.14 ± 0.35 | 1.12 ± 0.38 | 1.8 | 0.06 |
a p value from repeated-measures analysis of covariance (ANCOVA); b repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA); * Significantly different from baseline value in the same group, p < 0.05, N.S., not significant; RTcomp: reaction time composite score; MVLcomp: movement velocity composite score; EPEcomp: endpoint excursion composite score; MXEcomp: maximum excursion composite score; DCLcomp: directional control composite score; SVcomp: sway velocity composite score; composite scores were calculated based on movements toward eight targets.