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. 2018 May 16;9:657. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00657

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Copyright © 2018 Beauvieux, Wenden and Dirlewanger.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Dormancy pathways and their interactions. During dormancy, several pathways have been shown to have a role and relate to each other. Hormones: abscisic acid (ABA) turnover is regulated through action of 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenases (NCED) genes which are repressed by the action of cold temperatures, and is involved in dormancy maintenance and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Ethylene production is under control of cold temperatures (blue flake) and dormancy breaking reagents, and is involved in ABA diminution. Active gibberellic acids (GA) are produced by GA20ox and GA3ox, and are involved in dormancy alleviation and favourise the detoxification system; they are inactivated by GA2ox. Auxins and cytokinins act through enhancing callose deposition at plasmodesmata. Transport capacity: callose deposition at plasmodesmata is involved in dormancy maintenance; Glycoside Hydrolases 17 (GH17) are involved in digesting callose. Cold temperatures enhance GH17 expression. Calcium channels inhibit dormancy maintenance. Metabolism: cold temperatures enhance sucrose and monosaccharides concentration. Monosaccharides are also produced from the beta-oxidation and neoglucogenesis from fatty acids, and these monosaccharides produce ROS via mitochondrial respiration or are oxidized via the Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP) and participate to ROS detoxification. beta-oxidation produces ROS. Oxidative stress: cold temperatures (blue flake) and dormancy breaking reagents enhance ROS production, and ROS production inhibits dormancy maintenance.