Table 1.
Interferon-stimulated genes that have specific antiviral targets as well as immune modulatory functions
| ISG | Virus families shown to be susceptible | Ref. | Genome group of susceptible viral family | Component of innate immune system augmented by ISG | Upregulated independently of type I IFN |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PKR | Poxviridae (vaccinia virus) Picornavirdae (encephalomyocarditis virus) Togaviridae (Semliki Forest virus) |
15, 16 | dsDNA ssRNA(+) |
MDA5, TLR3, MAVS, TRAF2, TRAF6 | no, but present at high basal levels |
| ZAP | Togaviridae (Sindbis virus) Filoviridae (Ebolavirus, Marburg virus) Paramyxoviridae (Newcastle disease virus) Orthomyxoviridae (influenza A virus) Retroviridae (murine leukemia virus) |
20, 21 | ssRNA(+) ssRNA(–) |
RIG-I | yes |
| TRIM21 | Picornaviridae (human rhinovirus) Adenovirdae (human adenovirus type 5) |
30, 36 | ssRNA(+) dsDNA |
cGAS, RIG-I, NF-κB, AP-1, IRF3/5/7 | no |
| TRIM56 | Orthomyxoviridae (influenza A and B viruses) Flaviviridae (HCV, bovine viral diarrhea virus, yellow fever, DENV serotype 2) Rhabdoviridae (VSV) Coronaviridae (human coronavirus OC43) |
31–33 | ssRNA(+) ssRNA(–) |
STING, TLR3/TRIF | no |
| Viperin | Flaviviridae (DENV, HCV, West Nile virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus) Herpesviridae (human Cytomegalovirus) Paramyxoviridae (respiratory syncytial virus) Togaviridae (Chikungunya virus, Sindbis virus) Orthomyxoviridae (influenza A virus) Retroviridae (human immunodeficiency virus) Bunyaviridae (Bunyamwera virus) Picornaviridae (rhinovirus) Rhabdoviridae (VSV) |
2 | ssRNA(+) ssRNA(–) dsDNA |
TLR7/9 (IRAK1/TRAF6) NF-κB1/p50, AP-1 | yes |
| DDX60 | Rhabdoviridae (VSV) Flaviviridae (HCV) |
46 | ssRNA(–) ssRNA(+) |
RIG-I, MDA5, LGP2 | no |
ISG, interferon-stimulated gene; Ref., reference; HCV, hepatitis C virus; VSV, vesicular stomatitis virus; DENV, Dengue virus; ssDNA, single-stranded DNA; dsDNA, double-stranded DNA.