Table 3.
Logistic regression on the risk of smoking in the first pregnancy trimester (multiple imputation estimates): effects of education, occupational class (ESeC), income support recipiency, subjective economic wellbeing (SEW) and depressive state in the first trimester (the EPDS score).
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | P value | OR | 95% CI | P value | OR | 95% CI | P‐value | |
| Level and type of highest education | |||||||||
| Tertiary level: university degrees | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Tertiary level: vocational degrees | 2.2 | (1.2–4.0) | 0.007 | 2.1 | (1.2–3.8) | 0.013 | 2.2 | (1.2–3.9) | 0.011 |
| Secondary level: vocational + general sec. School degree | 5.4 | (2.8–10.2) | < 0.001 | 4.3 | (2.1–8.9) | < 0.001 | 4.4 | (2.1–9.0) | < 0.001 |
| Secondary level: general sec. school degree | 3.5 | (1.7–6.9) | 0.001 | 2.8 | (1.3–6.0) | 0.006 | 2.9 | (1.4–6.1) | 0.006 |
| Secondary level: vocational degree | 12.3 | (6.8–22.1) | < 0.001 | 9.7 | (5.1–18.6) | < 0.001 | 9.5 | (5.0–18.2) | < 0.001 |
| Compulsory schooling only | 20.5 | (9.8–43.0) | < 0.001 | 14.4 | (6.3–33.0) | < 0.001 | 14.4 | (6.3–33.2) | < 0.001 |
| Occupational class (ESeC) | |||||||||
| Salaried class | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Intermediate class | 2.3 | (1.4–3.6) | 0.001 | 1.2 | (0.7–2.0) | 0.508 | 1.2 | (0.7–2.0) | 0.509 |
| Working class | 4.0 | (2.8–5.8) | < 0.001 | 1.3 | (0.8–2.1) | 0.322 | 1.3 | (0.8–2.1) | 0.295 |
| Unemployed or no occupation | 4.4 | (2.6–7.5) | < 0.001 | 1.2 | (0.6–2.3) | 0.613 | 1.2 | (0.6–2.3) | 0.569 |
| Received income support | |||||||||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Yes | 2.5 | (1.6–4.1) | < 0.001 | 1.9 | (1.1–3.2) | 0.018 | 1.8 | (1.1–3.1) | 0.022 |
| Subjective economic wellbeing (SEW) | |||||||||
| Lowest tertile | 1.7 | (1.2–2.4) | 0.003 | 1.3 | (0.9–1.8) | 0.178 | 1.2 | (0.8–1.7) | 0.334 |
| Middle tertile | 1.0 | (0.7–1.5) | 0.804 | 1.0 | (0.7–1.5) | 0.912 | 1.0 | (0.6–1.4) | 0.803 |
| Highest tertile | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| EPDS | |||||||||
| < 10 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
| ≥10 | 2.0 | (1.4–2.8) | < 0.001 | ||||||
Target population: the FinnBrain cohort mothers born 1976 or after (N = 2667); controls (estimates not presented): age, partnership status, type of residential area, parents’ separation, parity, childhood household's reference person's socio‐economic group and the TADS score; model 1: separate models (each adjusted for controls) for education, ESeC class, income support recipiency and SEW; model 2 = education + ESeC class + income support recipiency + SEW + controls; model 3 = Model 2 + EPDS. Data sources: FinnBrain questionnaires, except smoking in first trimester (linked from the Finnish Medical Birth Registry), education, ESeC and childhood household's reference person's socio‐economic group (linked from Statistics Finland's registers). Number of missing values: education 0; ESeC 0; income support recipiency 37; SEW 12; age 0; TADS 161; partnership status 0; parity 0; type residential area 0; parent's separation during childhood 67; childhood household's reference person's socio‐economic group 0; EPDS 111. Logistic regressions were estimated using multiply imputed data for missing values. EPDS = Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale; TADS = Trauma and Distress Scale; ESeC = European Socio‐economic Classification.