Figure 1.

β-Blocker plasma concentration-time profiles of patients with ESKD during hemodialysis. Plasma concentration-time profiles of atenolol (A), metoprolol (B), bisoprolol (C), and carvedilol (D) during hemodialysis in patients with ESKD. Each subject received a single oral dose of a β-blocker 4 hours before dialysis onset. Plasma concentrations of β-blockers were determined using ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled to a quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Dashed curves represent individual pharmacokinetic profiles, and mean pharmacokinetic curves are displayed in color. Results are presented as mean±SD, with n=8 for all treatment groups.