Table 2.

Hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) for kidney events, mortality, and cardiovascular events by class of antihypertensive medication added on to angiotensin-aldosterone system blockers compared with thiazide diuretics

Outcomes	β-Blockers	Calcium Channel Blockers	Loop Diuretics
Significant kidney events
No. (total =21,897)	7343	2705	2081
No. of events (total =4707)	1468	511	617
Crude	0.94 (0.88 to 1.00)	0.88 (0.80 to 0.97)	1.70 (1.55 to 1.87)
Propensity score analysis	0.81 (0.74 to 0.89)	0.67 (0.58 to 0.78)	1.19 (1.00 to 1.41)
Propensity score analysis adjusting for current BP	0.80 (0.73 to 0.88)	0.63 (0.54 to 0.74)	1.21 (1.01 to 1.44)
Propensity score analysis adjusting for cumulative BP	0.76 (0.69 to 0.84)	0.60 (0.52 to 0.70)	1.22 (1.03 to 1.46)
Mortality
No. (total =21,897)	7343	2705	2081
No. of events (total =1498)	595	162	364
Crude	2.18 (1.92 to 2.48)	1.62 (1.34 to 1.94)	5.35 (4.63 to 6.18)
Propensity score analysis	1.19 (0.97 to 1.44)	0.73 (0.52 to 1.03)	1.67 (1.31 to 2.13)
Propensity score analysis adjusting for current BP	1.13 (0.86 to 1.47)	0.65 (0.43 to 0.99)	1.61 (1.19 to 2.18)
Propensity score analysis adjusting for cumulative BP	1.13 (0.86 to 1.48)	0.64 (0.42 to 0.98)	1.62 (1.20 to 2.19)
Cardiovascular events
No. (total =17,271)a	4593	2320	1374
No. of events (total =818)	301	105	92
Crude	1.88 (1.61 to 2.20)	1.31 (1.05 to 1.63)	2.13 (1.69 to 2.69)
Propensity score analysis	1.65 (1.39 to 1.96)	1.05 (0.80 to 1.39)	1.55 (1.05 to 2.27)
Propensity score analysis adjusting for current BP	1.69 (1.42 to 2.01)	1.06 (0.80 to 1.41)	1.62 (1.12 to 2.35)
Propensity score analysis adjusting for cumulative BP	1.55 (1.30 to 1.85)	1.00 (0.75 to 1.32)	1.57 (1.08 to 2.27)

Reference group is thiazide diuretics. Significant kidney events were ≥30% eGFR decline from baseline and eGFR<60 ml/min per 1.73 m², initiation of dialysis, or kidney transplant (Supplemental Table 1). Cardiovascular events were hospitalization for acute myocardial infarction, acute coronary syndrome, stroke, congestive heart failure, coronary artery bypass grafting, or percutaneous coronary intervention (Supplemental Table 1). Propensity score analyses were weighted using generalized stabilized inverse probability weights, with outcomes models including study site, age, sex, race, and variables with absolute standardized differences after propensity score weighting of ≥0.1. For the current BP adjustment, we adjusted for the mean BP each month as a time-varying covariate to capture any short-term BP effects. For the cumulative BP adjustment, we adjusted for the average of the monthly BP over all preceding months to capture any long-term BP effects.

^aExcludes individuals with prevalent coronary artery disease, stroke, cardiac arrhythmias, or congestive heart failure at baseline.