Fig. 2. (a) G/C (left) and RC (right) modes for electrochemical imaging on a chip. (b) 400-ME array chip with an external RE and CE (left) used to track the movement of Daphnia magna (right). The oxidation current of [Fe(CN)6]4– was recorded and perturbed by the motion of Daphnia magna. (c) Optical image of a CMOS chip containing 64 subarrays each with 128 Pt MEs and shared RE and CE (left), and SEM image (left, inset) of two interdigitated Pt MEs. Optical image (center) and electrochemical image (right) of a bimodal gradient of two solutions with (+red dye) and without norepinephrine (+blue dye) in neurobasal media. Dashed black lines indicate the walls of a microfluidic channel placed on the chip. Oxidation potential for norepinephrine: +0.6 V vs. Pt. (d) Inkjet-printed transparent CNT electrode on plastic with MCF10A cells. Photoluminescence (PL) and ECL images of a MCF10A cell labeled with a cell membrane antibody (Ab) with Ru in 0.2 M phosphate buffer with 200 mM TPrA. Electrode potential: +1.35 V vs. Ag/AgCl/KCl 3 M. (e) Scheme of ECL principle. (b) Adapted with permission from ref. 57 (left) and ref. 31 (right). Copyright 2017 American Chemical Society (left) and John Wiley and Sons. (c) Adapted with permission from ref. 32. Copyright 2015 Royal Society of Chemistry. (d) Adapted with permission from ref. 33. Copyright 2017 American Chemical Society.
