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. 2018 May 25;8:8149. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-25092-6

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Conceptual framework. In the cross-sectional study (A), we assessed whether the differences in past or current exposure to helminths contribute to the difference in insulin resistance (IR) between subjects living in urban and rural area, and whether the observed difference in IR is independent from adiposity. In the high-fat diet (HFD) study (B), first, we assessed whether past or current exposure to helminths protect against the HFD-associated increase in IR, independent of adiposity. Next, we also assessed whether the presence of current helminth infection protect against the HFD-associated increase in IR. *Past and current exposure to helminths was assessed by measuring serum total IgE level, a general marker for Th2 responses, commonly induced by soil-transmitted helminth (STH). **Current exposure to helminths was assessed using stool PCR. ^#Other factors that were not specifically assessed in this study.