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. 2018 May 25;9:2084. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-04548-3

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Hebbian plasticity can account for developmental divergence of ON and OFF RFs. a Model schematic of synaptic input to investigate influence of sound exposure on ON/OFF RFs. Top, Neurons receive sound-evoked synaptic activity, driven by a sound input sequence (black) that randomly switches ON (green dashed lines) and OFF (red dashed lines) in separate frequency channels. Middle: Excitatory (Ex; upward) and inhibitory (In; downward) ON inputs are evoked by sound onsets. Bottom, Excitatory (Ex; upward) and inhibitory (In; downward) OFF inputs evoked by sound offsets. b Simulated network is comprised of a neuron (white; left) that receives 10 excitatory and 10 inhibitory ON inputs (green, open and filled circles, respectively), and 10 excitatory and 10 inhibitory OFF inputs (red, open and filled circles, respectively). Only three ON and OFF input channels are shown for clarity. Synaptic weights undergo Hebbian learning during sound presentation. At simulation end (adult condition in grey, right), ON and OFF synaptic weights have diverged. c Example ON (top) and OFF (bottom) FRAs at the start of the simulation (‘Hearing Onset’). FRAs are identical. d Example ON (top) and OFF (bottom) FRAs at an early stage (t = 1500) of the simulation (‘Young’). e Example ON (top) and OFF (bottom) FRAs at the end of the stimulation (t = 100,000; ‘Adult’). f Temporal evolution of RF divergence in single channel condition. Left, ON/OFF CF divergence during early stage of simulation (steps 0–2000). Blue arrow: t = 1500 (‘Young’ time point shown in d). Right, complete evolution of ON/OFF CF divergence. Grey arrow: t = 100000 (‘Adult’ time point shown in e). g Mean absolute difference between ON and OFF CF at Hearing Onset (black), Young (blue) and Adult (grey) time points (n = 100) in single channel condition. h Distribution of absolute ON/OFF CF differences in Young and Adult neurons (n = 100) following sound presentation in single channel condition