Table 1.

Characteristics of studies included in the review (n = 55)

Study	Study period	Study setting	Duration	Place	Number of births	Number of anomaly affected births	Birth prevalence per 10,000 births
Agarwal et al. 1991 [13]	1981–1984	hospital	31.5 months	Lucknow	9405 births	192	204.15
Agarwal et al. 2014 [14]	2010–2011	hospital	12 months	Bhubaneswar	7268 births	116	159.6
Aiyar and Agarwal 1969 [15]	1966–1967	hospital	19 months	Mumbai	10,000 live births	172	172a
Anand et al. 1988 [16]	NM	hospital	NM	Jamnagar	2000 births	40	200
Bai et al. 1982 [17]	NM	hospitalb	12 months	Trivandrum	7167 births	132	184.18
Bai et al. 1990 [18]	NM	hospital	12 months	Trivandrum	13,964 births	50	35.81
Baruah et al. 2015 [19]	2010–2013	hospital	34 months	Dibrugarh	18,192 births	206	113.24
Bharucha 1998 [20]	1993–1996	hospitalb	39 months	Mumbai	42,304 births	972	229.77
Bhat and Babu 1998 [21]	1989–1992	hospital	40 months	Pondicherry	12,797 births	353	275.85
Chaturvedi and Banerjee 1989 [22]	1985–1986	hospitalb	12 months	Wardha	3014 births	82	272.06
Chinara and Singh 1982 [23]	1978–1979	hospitalb	12 months	Varanasi	1774 births	37	208.57
Choudhary et al. 1984 [24]	1976–1980	hospital	60 months	Kolkata	21,016 births	63	29.98
Choudhary et al. 1989 [25]	1976–1987	hospital	120 months	Kolkata	126,266 births	535	42.37
Christopher and Jadhav 1986 [26]	1979–1983	hospitalb	60 months	Vellore	21,585 births	131	60.69
Desai and Desai 2006 [27]	NM	hospitalb	12 months	Mumbai	2188 births	79	361.06
Dutta and Chaturvedi 2000 [28]	1998–1999	hospitalb	13 months	Wardha	2968 births	37	124.66
Duttachoudhary and Pal 1997 [29]	1991–1993	hospital	36 months	Durgapur	7242 births	26	35.9
Ghosh et al. 1979 [30]	1974–1976	hospital	29 months	Kolkata	2019 births	29	143.64
Ghosh et al. 1985 [64]	1969–1973	community	40 months	New Delhi	7590 live births	189	249.01a
Goravalingappa and Nashi 1979 [31]	1986–1987	hospital	15 months	Hubli	2398 births	75	312.76
Grover 2000 [32]	1991–1995	hospital	60 months	Shimla	10,100 births	180	178.22
Hemrajani et al. 1971 [33]	1965–1969	hospitalb	60 months	Jaipur	28,511 births	608	213.25
Jaikrishan et al. 1999 [34]	1995–1998	hospital	41 months	Kerala	36,805 births	538	146.18
Jaikrishan et al. 2013 [35]	1995–2011	hospital	191 months	Kerala	141,540 births	1370	96.79
Joseph et al. 2010 [65]	2004–2005	community	6 months	Belgaum	194 live births	4	206.19a
Khanna and Prasad 1967 [36]	1964	hospital	9 months	Patna	5376 births	74	137.65
Kolah et al. 1967 [37]	1960–1963	hospital	39 months	Mumbai	23,568 births	331	140.44
Kulkarni et al. 1987 [38]	1984	hospital	6 months	Davangere	2000 births	81	405
Kulshetra et al. 1983 [66]	1976–1977	community	24 months	Ballabhgarh	2409 live births	79	327.94a
Marwah et al. 2014 [39]	2010–2011	hospital	12 months	Patiala	1554 births	69	444.02
Mathur et al. 1975 [40]	1970	hospitalb	4 months	Hyderabad	1060 births	33	311.32
Mishra and Baveja 1989 [41]	1983–1987	hospital	48 months	Allahabad	4098 births	60	146.41
Mital and Grewal 1969 [42]	1967–1968	hospital	15 months	Kanpur	4150 births	93	224.1
Modi et al. 1998 [43]	1993–1997	hospital	40 months	Baroda	31,775 births	651	204.88
Parmar et al. 2010 [44]	2006–2007	hospital	18 months	Bhavngar	4210 births	37	87.89
Patel and Adhia 2005 [45]	NM	hospital	24 months	Mumbai	17,653 births	294	166.54
Patel et al. 2014 [46]	2012–2014	hospital	24 months	Ahmedabad	16,481 births	210	127.42
Rao et al. 2014 [47]	2008–2012	hospital	60 months	Mangalore	28,373 births	344	121.24
Ronya et al. 2002 [48]	1999–2000	hospitalb	9 months	Wardha	3000 births	62	206.67
Sachadeva et al. 2014 [49]	2010	hospital	4 months	Rohtak	2862 live births	47	164.22a
Saifulla et al. 1967 [50]	1966	hospitalb	8 months	Chandigarh	1000 births	36	360
Sarkar et al. 2013 [51]	2011–2012	hospitalb	12 months	Kolkata	12,896 live births	286	221.77a
Savaskar et al. 2014 [52]	2011–2013	hospitalb	NM	Latur	10,294 births	443	430.35
Shah and Pensi 2013 [53]	NM	hospital	9 months	Ahmedabad	4456 births	106	237.88
Sharma 1970 [54]	1967–1969	hospital	36 months	Mysore	5554 births	14	25.21
Sharma et al. 1972 [55]	1963–1964	hospital	14 months	Lucknow	2851 births	40	140.3
Singh and Gupta 2009 [56]	2002	hospital	12 months	Jammu	9308 births	140	150.41
Singh and Sharma 1980 [57]	1975–1978	hospital	48 months	New Delhi	6274 live births	170	270.96a
Stevenson et al. 1966 [58]	1961–1964	hospital	NM	Mumbai (Purandare VN)	39,498 births	340	86.08
Stevenson et al. 1966 [58]	1961–1964	hospital	NM	Kolkata (Mitra KN)	19,191 births	59	30.74
Swain et al. 1994 [59]	1988–1989	hospital	24 months	Varanasi	3932 births	48	122.08
Taksande et al. 2010 [60]	2005–2007	hospitalb	31 months	Wardha	9386 births	179	190.71
Tibrewala and Pai 1974 [61]	1968–1972	hospital	60 months	Mumbai	12,360 live births	232	187.7a
Verma et al. 1991 [62]	1983–1989	hospital	75 months	Ludhiana	10,000 births	359	359
Verma et al. 1998 [63]	NM	hospital	36 months	New Delhi	23,367 births	433	185.3

NM not mentioned

^aStudies reporting live births only. Prevalence has been reported per 10,000 live births. All other studies reported both live and stillbirths

^bApart from these hospital studies which used radiological, ultrasound and some other investigations, case ascertainment was done only through physical assessment