Figure 1.

External DC EFs generate opposing forces on plasma membrane surface proteins. Electrophoretic forces direct net negatively charged proteins, yellow fluorescent protein with a lipid anchor and the transmembrane nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, toward the anode (red arrows). Electrophoresis of mobile cations ⊕ and their shells of hydration, directs water flow to the cathode (EOF) and generates a force on surface exposed proteins toward the cathode.