Table 1.
Baseline study population characteristics of the Cardiovascular Health Study
| Cohort 1 (1989–1990) | Cohort 2 (1992–1993) | |||||||||
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| Total n=933 | White n=777 | African- American n=31 | African- American n=125 | p-value | ||||||
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| Demographic, Lifestyle, and Anthropometric Characteristics | ||||||||||
| Age, years, mean, SD | 72.6 | (5.5) | 72.6 | (5.4) | 73.0 | (5.6) | 72.5 | (5.7) | 0.87 | |
| Body mass index (BMI), kg/m2, mean, SD | 26.4 | (3.5) | 26.2 | (3.5) | 27.6 | (2.8) | 26.8 | (4.1) | 0.01 | * |
| Smoking Status, n, % | ||||||||||
| Never | 298 | (31.9) | 258 | (33.2) | 8 | (25.8) | 32 | (25.6) | 5.0E-4 | * |
| Former | 521 | (55.8) | 441 | (56.8) | 17 | (54.8) | 63 | (50.4) | ||
| Current | 113 | (12.1) | 78 | (10.0) | 6 | (19.4) | 29 | (23.2) | ||
| Smoking pack-years, mean, SD | 24.6 | (28.6) | 24.7 | (28.8) | 22.0 | (20.1) | 24.7 | (29.2) | 0.93 | |
| Alcohol intake, drinks per week, mean, SD | 5 | (12) | 5 | (9) | 5 | (9) | 6 | (23) | 0.04 | * |
| Physical activity, kcal, mean SD | 2036 | (2081) | 2197 | (2166) | 1576 | (1420) | 1146 | (1305) | 1.5E-8 | * |
| Education, n, % | ||||||||||
| Less than High | ||||||||||
| School | 145 | (15.5) | 101 | (13.0) | 11 | (35.5) | 33 | (26.4) | 2.6E-4 | * |
| High School / GED | 301 | (32.3) | 249 | (32.0) | 8 | (25.8) | 44 | (35.2) | ||
| Vocational / College | 340 | (36.4) | 300 | (38.6) | 7 | (22.6) | 33 | (26.4) | ||
| Graduate School | 147 | (15.8) | 127 | (16.3) | 5 | (16.1) | 15 | (12.0) | ||
| Life Occupation, n, % Professional, technical, managerial, administrative | 478 | (51.2) | 433 | (55.7) | 7 | (22.6) | 38 | (30.4) | 4.8E-12 | * |
| Sales/clerical | 102 | (10.9) | 94 | (12.1) | 0 | (0.0) | 8 | (6.4) | ||
| Skilled trade worker | 249 | (26.7) | 170 | (21.9 | 17 | (54.8) | 62 | (49.6) | ||
| Operator/laborer | 16 | (1.7) | 15 | (1.9) | 0 | (0.0) | 1 | (0.8) | ||
| Farming | 1 | (0.1) | 1 | (0.1) | 0 | (0.0) | 0 | (0) | ||
| Other | 87 | (9.3) | 64 | (8.2) | 7 | (22.6) | 16 | (12.8) | ||
| Clinic, n, % | ||||||||||
| Winston-Salem, NC | 293 | (31.4) | 247 | (31.8) | 9 | (29.0) | 37 | (29.6) | 0.02 | * |
| Sacramento, CA | 327 | (35.0) | 285 | (36.7) | 5 | (16.1) | 37 | (29.6) | ||
| Pittsburgh, PA | 313 | (33.5) | 245 | (31.5) | 17 | (54.8) | 51 | (40.8) | ||
| Medical History and Characteristics | ||||||||||
| Ever diagnosed with any cancer, n, % | ||||||||||
| No | 800 | (85.7) | 663 | (85.3) | 29 | (93.5) | 108 | (86.4) | 0.43 | |
| Yes | 133 | (14.3) | 114 | (14.7) | 2 | (6.5) | 17 | (13.6) | ||
| History of respiratory disease (COPD, asthma, bronchitis, emphysema), n, % | ||||||||||
| No | 758 | (81.2) | 628 | (80.8) | 26 | (83.9) | 104 | (83.2) | 0.76 | |
| Yes | 175 | (18.8) | 149 | (19.2) | 5 | (16.1) | 21 | (16.8) | ||
| HDL Cholesterol, mg/dL, mean, SD | 48.8 | (12.7) | 48 | (12) | 55 | (14) | 52 | (14) | 4.0E-4 | * |
| LDL Cholesterol, mg/dL, mean, SD | 115.5 | (95.4) | 115 | (95) | 123 | (37) | 117 | (106) | 0.34 | |
| Diabetes Status, n, % | ||||||||||
| Normal | 641 | (68.7) | 540 | (69.5) | 17 | (54.8) | 84 | (67.2) | 2.0E-5 | * |
| Impaired Fasting | ||||||||||
| Glucose | 146 | (15.6) | 124 | (16.0) | 6 | (19.4) | 16 | (12.8) | ||
| New Diabetes | 89 | (9.5) | 61 | (7.9) | 4 | (12.9) | 24 | (19.2) | ||
| Existing Diabetes | 55 | (5.9) | 51 | (6.6) | 4 | (12.9) | 0 | (0) | ||
| Leukocyte Chromosome Y Mosaicism | ||||||||||
| Continuous ChrY mosaicism, ChrY: 7,502,455 – 21,979,204 fluorescent intensity (median log-R ratio; mLRR), mean, SD | −0.0319 | (0.0300) | −0.0339 | (0.0308) | −0.0317 | (0.0296) | −0.0190 | (0.0213) | 8.1E-8 | * |
| Detectable mosaic loss of ChrY (mLOY), n, % | ||||||||||
| No | 867 | (92.9) | 716 | (92.1) | 30 | (96.8) | 121 | (96.8) | 0.12 | |
| Yes | 66 | (7.1) | 61 | (7.9) | 1 | (3.2) | 4 | (3.2) | ||
| Annual subject-specific outdoor residential air pollution concentration before blood draw | ||||||||||
| PM10, μg/m3, mean, SD | 34.3 | (10.4) | 35.7 | (10.2) | 32.8 | (5.4) | 27.4 | (5.8) | 9.9E-24 | * |
| CO, ppb, mean, SD | 1.2 | (0.5) | 1.3 | (0.6) | 1.2 | (0.4) | 0.9 | (0.2) | 1.2E-15 | * |
| NO2, ppb, mean, SD | 21.2 | (6.3) | 21.0 | (6.3) | 23.6 | (6.8) | 21.4 | (4.7) | 0.06 | |
| O3, ppb, mean, SD | 24.6 | (8.3) | 24.8 | (7.7) | 22.9 | (7.8) | 23.3 | (10.4) | 0.02 | * |
| SO2, ppb, mean, SD | 13.2 | (6.7) | 13.5 | (6.9) | 16.7 | (8.2) | 12.4 | (5.3) | 0.07 | |
*
p-values<0.05 were considered statistically significant. Discrepancy in counts due to missing data. Between categories, differences in continuous variables were assessed using Kruskal-Wallis tests, and using Chi-square and Fisher’s Exact tests for categorical variables.