Table 3.

Other bioactive compounds from African flora with potential for antitrypanosomal and antileischmanial drug discovery

Compound number	Compound class/subclass	Part of plant studied	Species name	Plant family	Place of collection	Used traditionally/locally	Reported activity on/against	RefERENCES
62	Amide	Roots	Zapoteca portoricensis	Fabaceae	Nsukka, in Enugu State, Nigeria	In wound healing as well as the treatment of toothache, tonsilitis, against diarrhoea, and as an anticonvulsant and antispasmodic	Trypanosomiasis (IC50 = 3.63, 41.65 and 92.05 µM against T. b. rhodesiense, T. cruzi and L6 cells, respectively)	[143]
63, 64	Diarylheptanoid	Seeds	Aframomum letestuianum	Zingiberaceae	Abong-bang, Cameroon	In addition to their spiritual belief from the plant species, they are as well used as food spice, and for the treatment of inflammation, eczema, fevers, laxative, anti-helmintic, mumps, etc.	Trypanosomiasis (IC50 = 4.49 and 8.39 µM, respectively)	[136]
65–68	Acylphloroglucinols	Fruits	Allanblackia monticola	Clusiaceae (Guttiferae)	Bazou, West Province, Cameroon	Treatment of certain human ailments such as respiratory infections, diarrhoea, toothache, pain, fever	Leishmanosomiasis (IC50 = 0.16, 0.33 and 0.2 µM, for 65 to 67, respectively)	[149]
69	Xanthone	Leaves	Symphonia globulifera	Clusiaceae (Guttiferae)	Bangangté, West Province, Cameroon	To treat malaria, stomach and skin aches. It is also used as laxative by pregnant women and as a general tonic	Leishmanosomiasis	[149]
70–72	Taccalonolide	Tubers	Tacca leontopetaloides	Taccaceae	Benue State, Nigeria	tubers are also processed for food as well as to treat stomach disorders, gastric ulcers, tooth ache, high blood pressure, hepatitis, enteritis and sexual dysfunction	Trypanosomiasis	[150]
73–75	Quinone/Anthrone	Leaf latex	Aloe calidophila	Asphodelaceae	Yabello and Mega, Ethiopia	To treat sexually transmitted infections, digestive disorder, dermatological ailments, opthalmia, conjunctivitis, wounds, burns, other injuries, etc.	Leishmanosomiasis (IC50 from 3.12 to 15.26 μM)	[151]
76, 77	Quinone/Naphthoquinone	Seeds	Triphyophyllum peltatum	Dioncophyllaceae	Parc de Taï, Ivory Coast	For treatment of malaria, dysentery and elephantiasis	Leishmanosomiasis	[152]
78	Lactone	Stems	Uvaria klainean	Annonaceae	Forêt des Abeilles, Gabon	For treatment of skin diseases, parasitic infections	Leishmanosomiasis (IC50 = 1.75 and 3.12 μM, respectively, against sensitive and amphotericin B-resistant promastigote forms of L. donovani)	[153]
79	Flavonoid	Leaves	Vitex simplicifolia	Verbenaceae	Nsukka, Nigeria	To treat edema, gout, malaria, skin diseases, toothache and dermatitis	Trypanosomiasis (IC50 = 4.7 μg/mL)	[154]
80		Aerial parts	Ageratum conyzoides	Asteraceae (Compositae)	Nile bank, Khartoum, Sudan	To treat leprosy, skin diseases, wound healing, mental headaches, dyspnea and infectious diseases. It is also used locally for its anti-asthmatic, antispasmodic, haemostatic effects and as an oil lotion for purulent ophthalmia.	Trypanosomiasis (IC50 = 7.8 μM) and leishmanosomiasis (IC50 = 9.2 μM)	[155]
81, 82	Phytosterol	Stem bark	Allexis cauliflora	Violaceae	Ebolowa, Cameroon	To treat fever and syphilis	Trypanosomiasis	[156]