Appendix Table 1.

Comparisons of Characteristics between Included (N=1,171) and Excluded Sample (N=517) (Wave 3).^*

Variables		Included Sample (N=1,171)		Excluded Sample (n=517)		Significance
		No.	%	No.	%	P-Value
Gender						0.94
	Male	480	40.9	213	41.2
	Female	691	59.1	304	58.8
Age (years)	Mean (SD)	77.0 (5.3)	78.4(6.1)		<0.0001**
	Range	70-103		70-100
Education (years)						0.0012**
	0	166	14.2	109	21.8
	1-7	726	62.0	275	55.1
	8-11	154	13.2	68	13.6
	12+	125	10.7	47	9.4
Marital Status						0.001**
	Married	620	52.9	230	44.5
	Unmarried	551	47.1	287	55.5
BMI (kg/m2)
	Range	12.9-54.7	14.4-56.4
	<18.5	19	1.6	6	1.9	0.0338**
	18.5-<25	301	25.7	98	31.2
	25-<30	457	39.0	95	30.3
	≥30	394	33.7	115	36.6
Cognitive Impairment (MMSE<21)						<0.0001**
	Yes	361	30.8	228	51.0
	No	810	69.2	219	49.0
ADL Disabledˆ (Wave 3)						<0.0001*
	Yes	91	7.8	182	35.8
	No	1080	92.2	327	64.2
Smoking						0.7791
	Yes	121	10.3	50	9.9
	No	1050	89.7	456	90.1
Number of Comorbidities		Mean(SD)	1.53(1.04)	Mean(SD)	1.72(1.23)	0.0009**
		Range	0-5	Range	0-6

Abbreviations: SD (Standard Deviation), BMI (Body Mass Index), MMSE (Mini-Mental State Examination), ADL (Activity of Daily Living).

^*Everyone survived at wave 3

^**Significant difference at 0.05 level

^ˆADL Disabled was defined as help needed or unable to perform ≥1 of the seven ADL activities from Katz ADL scale (walking, bathing, grooming dressing, eating, transferring, and toileting)³⁴.