Appendix Table 2.
Cox Proportional Hazard Model of 15-Year Mortality based on Nine Early Frailty Transition Groups [1995–2013, N=1,080; excluding those who were disable at Wave 3 (n=91; 8% of the original sample)].
| Demographic characteristics | 15-Year Mortality HR(95%CI) |
|---|---|
| Age Group (years) | |
| 65-74 | Ref. |
| 75-84 | 1.83(1.54, 2.19)* |
| 85+ | 3.21(2.45, 4.21)* |
|
| |
| Gender | |
| Male | Ref. |
| Female | 0.70(0.59, 0.83)* |
|
| |
| Education (years) | |
| 0 | Ref. |
| 1-7 | 1.03(0.82, 1.30) |
| 8-11 | 1.38(1.02, 1.88)* |
| 12+ | 1.21(0.87, 1.67) |
|
| |
| Marital Status | |
| Unmarried | Ref. |
| Married | 0.81(0.68, 0.96)* |
|
| |
| BMI Group | |
| 18.5-<25 | Ref. |
| <18.5 | 1.89(1.07, 3.35)* |
| 25-<30 | 0.84(0.70, 1.02)* |
| ≥30 | 0.75(0.62, 0.92)* |
|
| |
| Comorbidity | |
| No | Ref. |
| Yes | 1.21(1.12,1.31)* |
|
| |
| Cognitive Impairment (MMSE<21) | |
| No | Ref. |
| Yes | 1.27(1.07, 1.52)* |
| Smoking | |
| No | Ref. |
| Yes | 1.38(1.07, 1.76)* |
| Nine Frailty Transition& | |
| Nonfrail-nonfrail (N=346) | Ref. |
| Nonfrail-prefrail (N=212) | 1.21(0.97, 1.51) |
| Nonfrail-frail (N=79) | 1.32(0.98, 1.78) |
| Prefrail-nonfrail (N=161) | 1.07(0.83, 1.36) |
| Prefrail-prefrail (N=129) | 1.19(0.91, 1.56) |
| Prefrail-frail (N=56) | 1.59(1.13, 2.24)* |
| Frail-nonfrail (N=27) | 0.96(0.54, 1.73) |
| Frail-prefrail (N=38) | 1.57(1.05, 2.36)* |
| Frail-frail (N=32) | 1.62(1.07, 2.45)* |
95% CI is significant
In Cox regression analysis, there was no violation of the proportionality assumption assessed by the significance of a term of the predictor associated with the logarithm of survival time. The HRs were controlled for the following factors: socio-demographics, BMI, ADL disability, cognitive impairment and comorbidities.
ADL Disabled was defined as help needed or unable to perform ≥1 of the seven ADL activities from the Katz ADL scale (walking, bathing, grooming dressing, eating, transferring, and toileting)34.
Abbreviations: HR (Hazard Ratio), CI (Confidence Interval), BMI (Body Mass Index), MMSE (Mini-Mental State Examination), ADL (Activity of Daily Living), SD (Standard Deviation).