A) Ca levels in WT mice after Abx treatment B) PTH and FGF23 levels from WT, Cyp27B1 KO and VDR KO mice. Values are the mean ± SEM of n=5–10 mice per group and data from 2 independent experiments. C) Expression of tnf-α, il-1β, il-6, and ifn-γ in the colon, n=5–8 per group, and data from 2 independent experiments. Student’s t-test was used to test significance. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001