Table 1.
CMS Medicare FFS beneficiary participant characteristics by setting of incident HF diagnosis (2001 – 2013) (n=109,756).
| Inpatient HF Diagnosis (N=12,461) |
Outpatient HF Diagnosis (N=4,743) |
No HF (N=92,552) |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| Age at entry to cohort, mean years (SD) | 76.2 (7.6) | 75.0 (7.3) | 71.6 (7.2) |
| Age at diagnosis, mean years (SD) | 81.7 (7.6) | 80.3 (7.5) | NA |
| Male, N (%) | 4,735 (38.0) | 2,122 (44.7) | 36,512 (39.5) |
| African American, N (%) | 2,111 (16.9) | 700 (14.8) | 15,124 (16.3) |
| Comorbidities*, N (%) | |||
| Hypertension | 7,951 (63.8) | 2,963 (62.5) | 51,635 (55.8) |
| Diabetes | 3,141 (25.2) | 1,172 (24.7) | 16,033 (17.3) |
| Coronary atherosclerosis | 3,265 (26.2) | 1,478 (31.2) | 12,227 (13.2) |
| Atrial fibrillation/Atrial flutter | 1,420 (11.4) | 654 (13.8) | 4,190 (4.5) |
| Cardiac dysrhythmias | 1,627 (13.1) | 674 (14.2) | 8,728 (9.4) |
| Heart valve disorder | 1,007 (8.1) | 431 (9.1) | 3,918 (4.2) |
| Acute myocardial infarction | 146 (1.2) | 79 (1.7) | 588 (0.6) |
| Conduction disorder | 638 (5.1) | 260 (5.5) | 2,256 (2.4) |
| Pneumonia | 871 (7.0) | 277 (5.8) | 3,868 (4.2) |
| COPD exacerbations | 437 (3.5) | 135 (2.9) | 1,621 (1.8) |
| Anemia | 1,322 (10.6) | 409 (8.6) | 6,249 (6.8) |
| Total number of comorbidities, mean (SD) | 2 (0,3) | 2 (1,3) | 1 (0,1) |
| Healthcare encounters*, †, median number of visits (P25, P75) | |||
| Inpatient setting | 0 (0,1) | 0 (0,1) | 0 (0,0) |
| Outpatient setting | 13 (8,21) | 14 (9,22) | 11 (6,18) |
| To primary care providers§ | 7 (3,11) | 8 (4,11) | 5 (2,9) |
| To cardiologists | 0 (0,0) | 0 (0,1) | 0 (0,0) |
| Area-level characteristics, mean (SD) | |||
| Number of primary care physicians║ | 52.9 (24.6, 88.2) | 53.1 (24.6, 88.2) | 47.1 (24.6, 88.2) |
| Proportion in poverty# | 0.09 (0.06) | 0.09 (0.06) | 0.09 (0.06) |
| Proportion > high school education# | 0.35 (0.16) | 0.34 (0.16) | 0.36 (0.17) |
| Proportion live alone# | 0.30 (0.06) | 0.29 (0.06) | 0.29 (0.06) |
*
Measured during the baseline period (first two years of enrollment)
†
Number of visits over two years
§
Includes general practice, family practice, internal medicine, nurse practitioner, and multi-specialty clinic providers
║
Per 100,000 population
#
For 65 years and older population
Abbreviations: COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), FFS (fee-for-service), HF (heart failure), IP (inpatient), OP (outpatient), P25 (25th percentile), P75 (75th percentile), SD (standard deviation)