Table 3.
Therapeutic approaches against rotavirus infection.
| Antiviral Approach | Molecule/Formulation |
|---|---|
| Blocking virus attachment and entry into host cells | • Sialylmimetics. • Lactadherin-derived peptides. • Neoglycolipid receptor mimetics. • Membrane-impermeant thiol/disulfide-blockers (DTNB and bacitracin). |
| Suppression of virus replication, and/or virus maturation through inhibition of host cell lipid metabolism pathways and/or homeostasis of lipid droplets (LD) | • Bile acids and FXR agonists. • TOFA. • Triacsin C. • IBMX + isoproterenol. • Stilbenoids. • Lovastatin. • Cyclooxygenase inhibitors. |
| Inhibition of viroplasm formation | Thiazolides (Nitazoxanide). |
| Inhibition of viral RNA and/or protein synthesis | • Genistein. • foscarnet, PFA. • Ribavirin and other nucleoside analogs. • 3-DG. • Neomycin and other aminoglycosides. • Actinomycin D. • Mycophenolic acid. • Isoprinosine. • Viscogens (glycerol). • siRNAs. |
| Passive immunotherapy | • Oral immunoglobulin derived from bovine colostrum, egg yolk, and pooled human plasma. • Llama-derived heavy chain antibody fragment (VHHs ARP1 and ARP3). • Transgenic rice expressing rotavirus-specific llama heavy-chain antibody fragment (MucoRice-ARP1). • Lactobacillus paracasei, yeast, and baculovirus-infected insect larvae expressing VHHs. • Transgenic purple tomatoes expressing neutralizing antibodies. |
| Modulating immune system | • Probiotics. • Interferon therapy. • Cyclosporin. • Meglumine acridonacetate. • Norkurarinol. • Bacterial flagellin. |
| Others | • Plant extracts. • Bovine milk proteins (κ-casein and collectins). • Racecadotril. • Gut microbiota. |
3-DG, 3-deazaguanine; ARP, anti-rotavirus protein; DTNB, 5,5-dithio-bis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid); FXR, farnesoid X receptor; TOFA, 5-(tetradecyloxy)-2-furoic acid; IBMX, Isobutylmethylxanthine; PFA, phosphonoformic acid; siRNA, small interfering RNA;VHH, camelid-derived heavy chain antibody fragment.