Optimised LiCl and UV treatments ofX. tropicalisembryos perturb their DV axis determination in line with the original experiments inX. laevis. (A-C) DV perturbations in X. tropicalis embryos caused by LiCl or UV treatments. (A) Phenotypical morphologies. (B) WMISH of dorsal (noggin) and ventral (bmp4) markers in mid-gastrula embryos. (C) RT-qPCR of dorsal (gsc and noggin) and ventral (bmp4 and wnt8a) markers in mid-gastrula embryos. Error bars, standard error of the mean (SEM) of biological triplicates. Student's two-tailed t-test: *, p < 0.1; **, p < 0.05; and ***, p < 0.01. DAI, dorso-anterior index.