(a) Participants' demographics, biochemistry, and DXA characteristics
| Variables | Men (N = 20) | Women (N = 49) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| (mean ± SD) or (N) % | (mean ± SD) or (N) % | ||
| Age | |||
| <65 years | (8) 40.0% | (14) 29.6% | 0.40 |
| ≥65 years | (12) 60.0% | (35) 71.4% | |
| Height (cm) | 168 ± 7.4 | 153 ± 6.5 | <0.01 |
| Weight (kg) | 95 ± 26.7 | 75 ± 19.9 | <0.01 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 32 ± 5.8 | 32 ± 8.6 | 0.92 |
| HbA1c (%) | 8.2 ± 1.8 | 7.8 ± 1.5 | 0.35 |
| Years since T2D was diagnosed | |||
| <10 years | (9) 52.9% | (16) 39.0% | 0.39 |
| ≥10 years | (8) 47.1% | (25) 61.0% | |
| Serum creatinine (mg/dl) | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.01 |
| Serum calcium (mmol/l) | 2.3 ± 0.1 | 2.4 ± 0.1 | 0.13 |
| Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (nmol/l) | 65.2 ± 23.1 | 59.6 ± 19.0 | 0.31 |
| Serum magnesium (mmol/l) | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.71 ± 0.09 | 0.58 |
| Serum phosphorus (mmol/l) | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 1.2 ± 0.2 | <0.01 |
| Serum PTH (pg/ml) | 33.8 ± 15.2 | 27.8 ± 13.7 | 0.12 |
| Femur neck BMD (g/cm2) | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | <0.01 |
| Femur neck T-score | −1.3 ± 0.9 | −1.6 ± 1.0 | 0.32 |
| Serum osteocalcin (ng/ml) | 13.7 ± 7.0 | 15.4 ± 6.3 | 0.33 |
| Serum sclerostin (pmol/l) | 56.5 ± 22.2 | 41.1 ± 13.4 | <0.01 |
Note. SD: standard deviation; HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin; T2D: type 2 diabetes; PTH: parathyroid hormone. All participants were Mexican American and had been diagnosed with T2D.