Table 1.
Group Characteristics Offenders Allocated to No Treatment, Cognitive Skill Training, Lifestyle Training, and Both (N = 541).
| 1. Neither (n = 272) |
2. Cognitive skill training (n = 126) |
3. Lifestyle training (n = 61) |
4. Both (n = 82) |
Total (N = 541) |
Significance | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M (SD)/% | M (SD)/% | M (SD)/% | M (SD)/% | M (SD)/% | ||
| Control variables | ||||||
| Age (in years) | 31.5 (11.1) | 26.1 (8.3) | 31.0 (10.0) | 28.9 (10.0) | 29.8 (10.4) | ***1/2 1/4 2/3 |
| Ethnicity (native) | 61.8 | 41.3 | 60.7 | 65.9 | 57.5 | ***1/2 2/3 2/4 |
| Offense type (nonviolent offense) | 61.3 | 64.5 | 63.9 | 65.9 | 63.0 | |
| Risk factors | ||||||
| Offending history and current offense (0-50) | 17.4 (13.1) | 18.8 (12.7) | 21.3 (13.6) | 21.4 (11.5) | 18.8 (12.9) | *1/3 1/4 |
| Accommodation (0-12) | 4.1 (4.3) | 3.2 (3.5) | 4.4 (4.1) | 4.9 (4.4) | 4.0 (4.2) | *1/2 2/4 |
| Education, work, and training (0-20) | 9.0 (6.9) | 9.2 (6.1) | 9.5 (6.6) | 10.9 (6.3) | 9.4 (6.6) | |
| Financial management and income (0-12) | 4.5 (3.8) | 4.9 (3.4) | 6.0 (3.9) | 6.3 (3.8) | 5.0 (3.8) | ***1/3 1/4 2/4 |
| Relationships with partner and relatives (0-6) | 2.7 (1.8) | 2.4 (1.6) | 2.9 (1.8) | 2.8 (1.6) | 2.7 (1.7) | |
| Relationships with friends and acq. (0-15) | 5.8 (4.5) | 6.8 (4.0) | 6.1 (4.0) | 8.0 (4.3) | 6.4 (4.4) | **1/2 1/4 3/4 |
| Drug misuse (0-15) | 5.1 (5.3) | 3.9 (4.5) | 8.4 (4.6) | 8.3 (4.5) | 5.7 (5.2) | ***1/2 1/3 1/4 2/3 2/4 |
| Alcohol misuse (0-5) | 1.5 (1.9) | 1.1 (1.6) | 2.2 (1.9) | 2.3 (2.0) | 1.6 (1.9) | ***1/2 1/3 1/4 2/3 2/4 |
| Emotional well-being (0-6) | 2.4 (1.8) | 1.8 (1.4) | 2.4 (1.6) | 2.3 (1.6) | 2.2 (1.7) | **1/2 2/3 2/4 |
| Thinking and behavior (0-12) | 7.3 (3.5) | 8.4 (2.3) | 8.4 (2.8) | 8.9 (2.4) | 7.9 (3.1) | ***1/2 1/3 1/4 |
| Attitudes and orientation (0-15) | 6.1 (4.8) | 6.0 (4.3) | 7.1 (4.7) | 7.3 (4.5) | 6.4 (4.6) | |
| Organizational circumstances | ||||||
| Remaining prison sentence (in days) | 732.7 (1,132.2) | 613.7 (561.2) | 387.0 (429.6) | 735.1 (780.8) | 666.4 (916.8) | *1/3 3/4 |
| Prison crowding rate | 0.9 (0.1) | 0.9 (0.1) | 0.9 (0.1) | 0.9 (0.1) | 0.9 (0.1) | |
| Rehabilitation staff/detainee ratio | 116.9 (68.9) | 107.3 (64.7) | 103.7 (61.2) | 109.8 (64.4) | 112.1 (66.5) | |
| Cognitive skill training available (no) | 21.0 | 15.1 | 16.4 | 17.1 | 18.5 | |
| Lifestyle training available (no) | 23.2 | 19.8 | 18.0 | 18.3 | 21.1 | |
Note. Behind significant levels, it is demonstrated which groups differed. For example, 1/2 means post hoc analysis showed there was a significant difference between Group 1 and Group 2.
*
p < .05. **p < .01. ***p < .001.