PHLPP2 knockdown induces hypertrophic growth of cardiomyocytes. NRVMs were transfected with siRNA (2 μm) containing control (siCon), PHLPP1 (siPH1), or PHLPP2 (siPH2) and treated with the hypertrophic agonist PE (50 μm) for 48 h. A and B, the mRNA expression of the genes ANF (A) and BNP (B) were measured by RT-PCR. The graph represents the fold change in ANF and BNP mRNA versus nontreated siCon. ***, p < 0.001 versus siCon; *, p < 0.05 versus siCon; #, <0.05 versus siCon+PE (n = 11 independent experiments, means ± S.D.). C, representative images of Immunocytochemistry on NRVMs to visualize cell morphology, phalloidin (green), and DAPI (blue) (20× magnification). The scale bars represent 25 μm. D, cell size was quantified using National Institutes of Health ImageJ software. ***, p < 0.001 versus siCon; *, p < 0.05 versus siCon; #, p < 0.05 versus siCon+PE (n = 4 (siCon and siPH2) and n = 3 independent experiments (siPH1), 400 cells/experiment, means ± S.D.).