Table 3.

Exosomal Protein Biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease

Protein	Direction of Chang e in AD	Predictive Before AD Onset?	Involvement in Other Neurodegenerative Diseases?	Studies
Aβ1–42	Increased	Yes		Fiandaca et al. 2015 Abner et al. 2016
Cathepsin D	Increased	Yes	FTD	Abner et al. 2016 Goetzl et al. 2015b
Growth associated protein 43	Decreased	Yes		Goetzl et al. 2016
HSF1	Decreased	Yes		Goetzl et al. 2015a
HSP70	Decreased	Yes	FTD*	Goetzl et al. 2015b
IRS-1, total	Decreased	No		Kapogiannis et al. 2015
IRS-1, pan tyrosine phosphorylation	Decreased	Yes	Type 2 diabetes	Kapogiannis et al. 2015
IRS-1, pS312	Increased	Yes	Type 2 diabetes, FTD	Kapogiannis et al. 2015
LAMP1	Increased	Yes		Goetzl et al. 2015b
LRP6	Decreased	Yes		Goetzl et al. 2015a
Neurogranin	Decreased	No		Winston et al. 2016 Abner et al. 2016
REST	Decreased	Yes		Abner et al. 2016 Winston et al. 2016 Goetzl et al. 2015a
Synapsin 1	Decreased	Yes		Goetzl et al. 2016a
Synaptophysin	Decreased	Yes	FTD	Goetzl et al. 2016a
Synaptopodin	Decreased	Yes	FTD	Goetzl et al. 2016a
Tau, total	Increased	No	PD	Fiandaca et al. 2015 Shi et al. 2016
Tau, pT181	Increased	Yes	FTD	Saman et al. 2012 Fiandaca et al. 2015 Abner et al. 2016
Tau, pS396	Increased	Yes		Fiandaca et al. 2015 Abner et al. 2016
Ubiquitination	Increased	Yes	No	Goetzl et al. 2015b

^*Denotes biomarker has a more predictive effect for this disease