Table 2.

Description of independent variables and data source by construct.

Constructs and variables	Description	Source
Economic stress
• Income inequality	GINI: measure of dispersion from 0 to 1 where zero expresses perfect equality (e.g. where everyone has the same income) and one expresses maximal inequality	http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/gender-statistics
• Poverty	Percent in each country below the poverty line as defined by each country	http://databank.worldbank.org/data/views/variableselection/selectvariables.aspx?source=poverty-and-inequality-database
Cultural spill-over
• Country in armed conflict	Number of years in armed conflict if in conflict at time independent variable data collected	http://www.pcr.uu.se/digitalAssets/124/124920_1codebook_ucdp_prio-armed-conflict-dataset-v4_2014.pdf
• Death penalty	Coded 0 if abolished for all crimes; 1 if law still allowed but no executions in the past 10 years; 2 if abolished for ordinary crimes; 3 allowed even for ordinary crimes	http://www.amnesty.org/en/death-penalty/countries-abolitionist-for-all-crimes http://www.amnesty.org/en/death-penalty/countries-abolitionist-in-practice https://www.amnesty.org/en/death-penalty/abolitionist-and-retentionist-countries http://www.amnesty.org/en/death-penalty/countries-abolitionist-for-ordinary-crimes-only
Gender inequity
• Social Institutional and Gender Index (SIGI)	Index represents five dimensions of social institutions related to gender inequality (i.e. social institutions that limit women’s and girls’ control over their bodies, that increase women’s vulnerability, and that normalise attitudes toward gender-based violence). Lower scores indicate less discrimination	http://genderindex.org/
• Gender Inequality Index (available 2010)	Index combines reproductive health (i.e. maternal mortality ratio and adolescent birth rates); empowerment (i.e. proportion of parliamentary seats occupied by females and proportion of adult females and males aged 25 years and older with at least some secondary education); and economic status (i.e. labour force participation rate of female and male populations aged 15 years and older). Higher scores indicate higher disparities	http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/gender-inequality-index-gii
Women’s health care
• Coverage for prenatal care	Percent of pregnant women receiving prenatal care	http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/gender-statistics
• Ease of access to abortion	Access to abortion: Abortion not allowed (scored 0), general legal principals allowing abortion to save woman’s life (1); abortion explicitly allowed to save woman’s life (2); abortion allowed under several conditions (3); abortion allowed upon request (scored 4)	http://www.pewforum.org/2008/09/30/abortion-laws-around-the-world/
Children’s well-being
• Child labour	% of children 5–14 reported to have done any kind of work for someone who is not a member of the household in the week preceding the survey	http://mics.unicef.org/surveys; http://www.dhsprogram.com/
• Malnutrition	% children <5 whose weight for age is more than two standard deviations below the median for the international reference population ages 0–59 months	http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.STA.MALN.ZS/countries
Child care burden
• Children in the household	Births (per women)	http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.CACT.FE.ZS/countries
• Maternity leave	Number of weeks of paid maternity leave	http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/gender-statistics
Economic environment
• Economic freedom	Average of 10 types of economic freedom (property rights; freedom from corruption; monetary, fiscal, investment, trade, financial, investment, business freedom; and limited government) scored from 0 to 100, with equal weight being given to each	http://www.heritage.org/index/explore?view=by-region-country-year
• Economic growth	Growth rate of GDP at market prices based on constant local currency	http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG/countries
Education
• Literacy	% population 15 and over able to read and write	http://hdr.undp.org
• Female literacy	% of women 15 and over able to read and write	http://data.uis.unesco.org/
Development
• Human Development	Human Development Index: summary measure of life expectancy, standard of living, and education	http://hdr.undp.org
• Gross Domestic Product	Gross Domestic Product per year is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources	http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG/countries