Table 1.

Summary of the findings of chronotype as a risk factor for psychiatric disorders

Diagnosis	Chronotype	Population	Comments
Depression (MDD)	Evening	• Children/adolescents • Adults	• ↑ Prevalence • Earlier onset of symptoms • ↑ Mood seasonality • ↑ Prevalence (incl. SAD) • ↑ Antidepressant use • ↑ Symptom severity (incl. suicidality) • ↑ Chronicity and comorbidity
Bipolar disorder	Evening		• Vulnerability to depression • No clear link with mania • ↑ Mood stabilizer use
Anxiety disorders	Evening	• Adolescents • Adults	• Some subclinical symptoms (incl. psychosomatic) • Mixed findings (no association) • ↑ PTSD symptoms
Psychotic disorders			• No clear link with psychosis
Addictive disorders	Evening	• Adolescents • Adults	• ↑ Substance use (nicotine, alcohol, drugs) • ↑ Compulsive internet use • ↑ Substance use (nicotine, alcohol, drugs), gambling • ↑ Alcohol dependence • ↑ Addictive disorders
Sleep disorders	Evening	• Adolescents • Adults	• ↑ DSPS • ↑ Hypersomnia • ↑ Nightmares • ↑ Hypnotic medication use • Mixed findings for insomnia
Eating disorders	Evening		• ↑ Bulimic, binge-eating behaviors

MDD major depressive disorder, SAD seasonal affective disorder, PTSD post-traumatic stress disorder, DSPS delayed sleep phase syndrome