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. 2018 May 14;7(5):e128. doi: 10.2196/resprot.9712

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©Jason Fanning, Amber K Brooks, Edward Ip, Barbara J Nicklas, W Jack Rejeski. Originally published in JMIR Research Protocols (http://www.researchprotocols.org), 14.05.2018.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in JMIR Research Protocols, is properly cited. The complete bibliographic information, a link to the original publication on http://www.researchprotocols.org, as well as this copyright and license information must be included.

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Equation for estimating effect sizes. Y represents the primary outcomes (Short Physical Performance Battery [SPPB] score, Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System [PROMIS] pain scales); subscripts FU and BL denote measurement at week 12-week follow-up and baseline, respectively; Int represents intervention status; beta represents each regression coefficient; and epsilon represents random error.