Table 2.
Adhesion molecules as predisposing factors, diagnostic markers and prognostic markers in venous thrombosis.
| Predisposing factor | Acute reaction and diagnostic use | Effect on thrombus resolution | |
|---|---|---|---|
| P-selectin | ↔ in DVT group in trauma cohort (61) ↔ selectin haplotypes in Leiden Thrombophilia Study (79) |
↑, meta-analysis 586 DVT, 1,843 controls (75) ↑, lower extremity: 112 DVT vs. 122 non-DVT ↔, upper extremity: 32 DVT vs. 13 non-DVT (76) ↑ 62 DVT vs. 116 non-DVT (78) ↑ in DVT patients vs. controls (80) ↑ 49 VTE vs. 48 controls (47) ↑ 22 DVT vs. 21 non-DVT vs. 30 controls (81) ↔ 37 DVT vs. 32 non-DVT (82) ↑ 52 DVT vs. 83 non-DVT (83) ↑ platelet expressing P-selectin in post-operative DVT (84) ↑ 89 DVT vs. 126 controls (85) ↑21 DVT vs. 68 non-DVT (69) |
↑ in acute DVT predicts post-thrombotic syndrome, 49 DVT (53) ↑ After anticoagulation therapy, possible therapeutic target? (86) ↓ 1 month after DVT: patients with chronic thrombosis vs. in patients with resolved (80) P-selectin inhibition decreases post-thrombotic vein wall fibrosis in a rat model (87) P-selectin inhibition enhances thrombus resolution and decreases vein wall fibrosis in a rat model (88) P-selectin/PSGL inhibitors equal enoxaparin in VTE treatment (77) |
| ICAM-1 | ↔ ICAM-1 37 DVT vs. 32 non-DVT (82) ↑ 181 cases vs. 313 controls (50) ↔21 DVT vs. 20 controls (69) |
↑ risk for post-thrombotic syndrome, 387 DVT (55) ↑ increased risk for post-thrombotic syndrome, 803 participants SOX trial (58) |
|
| VCAM-1 | ↔ 49 VTE vs. 48 healthy controls (47) ↔ 37 DVT vs. 32 non-DVT (82) ↑ 52 DVT vs. 83 non-DVT (83) ↑ 181 cases vs. 313 controls (50) ↑21 DVT vs. 68 non-DVT 20 controls (69) |
↔ risk for post-thrombotic syndrome, 387 DVT (55) ↑ 181 cases vs. 313 controls (50) |
|
| E-selectin | ↔ selectin haplotypes in Leiden Thrombophilia Study (79) | ↔ 37 VTE vs. 32 non-VTE (82) ↑ abdominal cancer, post-operative [40 DVT vs. 40 non-DVT vs. 40 controls] (49) ↔ 28 VTE vs. 92 non-VTE (89) |
This table summarizes selected key human and animal studies of adhesion molecule response in venous thrombosis. Arrows indicate the following: the adhesion molecule/genetic polymorphism coding for the cytokine is elevated/more frequent (↑), decreased/less frequent (↓), or unchanged (↔) in DVT cohorts as a predisposing factor (left column), as part of the acute reaction (middle column), or as a risk factor for post-thrombotic syndrome or recurrent DVT (right column). PTS, post thrombotic syndrome; SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism; TIMP, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteases. Control, healthy control.