Table 1.

Comparison of Symptoms of MDD with Phenotypes of AC3 KO Mice

Symptoms of Human MDD (DSM-5)	Phenotypes of AC3 KO Mice
Despair	Reduced mobility in tail suspension and forced swim test
Psychomotor retardation/or agitation	Hypolocomotor activities
Lack of motivation	Impaired nesting behavior
Eating disorder	Hyperphagia in home cage; Suppressed feeding in novel environments
Sleeping alteration; increased REM sleep	Increased REM sleep; shallow NREM sleep
Reduced sexual drive or sexual activities	Defects of sexual behaviors (Wang et al., 2011a)
Small cortex and hippocampi	Smaller brain, reduced volume of hippocampi
Memory deficit	Deficit in spatial navigation
Cognitive dysfunction	Defect in novel object recognition (Wang et al., 2011b)
Social withdraw or social isolation	Impaired sociability
Reduced smell sensitivity	Anosmia
Suicide attempt, feeling of guilty	No applicable