Fig. 1.

Bioenergetic metabolism in primary rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblast cells (RASFC) subjected to 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE)-induced oxidative stress. a Representative oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) Seahorse analyser profiles before and after injections of oligomycin, trifluorocarbonylcyanide phenylhydrazone (FCCP), antimycin A and 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) in RASFC in the presence and absence of 4-HNE. b Bar graphs demonstrate quantification of basal mitochondrial (Mt) respiration, maximal Mt respiration, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis, reserve capacity, basal glycolysis, glycolytic capacity and glycolytic reserve in RASFC (n = 5) subjected to oxidative stress. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001, significant differences from basal level