Table 1.

Key scientific contributions of Program Science and future directions

Program Science spheres	Scientific contributions	Future directions
Strategic planning	1. Geographical mapping 2. Hotspots-spatial distribution of epidemics 3. Transmission dynamics	1. Rapid ethnographic assessments and enhanced geographical mapping 2. Micro-level (within city) appraisals of risk clusters 3. Program design by epidemic phase
Program implementation	1. Intervention mix 2. Community engagement and mobilization	1. Delivery platforms for agentic, individual and structural interventions 2. Context specific adaptation
Program management and evaluation	1. Tools for field level monitoring	1. Complex systems evaluation 2. Real time evaluation for responsive adaptation 3. Optimized indicators aligned to program stage