Table 1.
Subject demographics
| Nonobese (n = 7) | Obese (n = 11) | Bariatric (n = 8) | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Subject demographics | ||||
| Sex, M/F | 5/2 | 5/6 | 0/8 | |
| Age, yr | 28 ± 3 | 33 ± 2 | 35 ± 2 | 0.17 |
| Height, cm | 174 ± 3 | 174 ± 2 | 166 ± 2 | 0.04 |
| Weight, kg | 71 ± 3 | 118 ± 3*† | 79 ± 3 | <0.01 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23 ± 1 | 39 ± 1*† | 29 ± 1 | <0.01 |
| Total body fat, % | 26 ± 3 | 48 ± 3* | 40 ± 2* | <0.01 |
| Baseline metabolic health | ||||
| Glucose, mg/dl | 78 ± 5 | 94 ± 3* | 86 ± 5 | 0.045 |
| Insulin, mIU/l | 7.9 ± 1.5 | 15.3 ± 2.8† | 3.9 ± 0.8 | <0.01 |
| Cholesterol, mg/dl | 170 ± 16 | 189 ± 7 | 173 ± 9 | 0.39 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dl | 116 ± 14 | 127 ± 18 | 90 ± 13 | 0.21 |
| HDL, mg/dl | 53 ± 3 | 42 ± 4† | 69 ± 5 | <0.01 |
| LDL, mg/dl | 94 ± 14 | 122 ± 3† | 86 ± 10 | 0.03 |
| Baseline cardiovascular health | ||||
| Heart rate, beats/min | 58 ± 3 | 71 ± 3* | 63 ± 1 | 0.02 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 129 ± 4 | 137 ± 4 | 133 ± 7 | 0.41 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 71 ± 2 | 79 ± 2 | 72 ± 4 | 0.08 |
| Mean blood pressure, mmHg | 91 ± 2 | 100 ± 4 | 96 ± 5 | 0.41 |
| Baseline neurovascular control | ||||
| Epinephrine, pg/ml | 46 ± 7 | 35 ± 8 | 24 ± 5 | 0.15 |
| Norepinephrine, pg/ml | 102 ± 29 | 193 ± 24*† | 82 ± 15 | <0.01 |
| Burst frequency, bursts/min | 15 ± 3 | 21 ± 4 | 11 ± 2 | 0.054 |
| Bursts incidence, bursts/100 heart beats | 27 ± 5 | 31 ± 5 | 17 ± 3 | 0.10 |
| Sympathetic baroreflex sensitivity, % bursts/mmHg | −5.5 ± 0.7 | −6.2 ± 0.7 | −5.3 ± 0.5 | 0.63 |
| Mean NN, ms | 1041 ± 29 | 904 ± 20* | 953 ± 18* | <0.01 |
| SDNN, ms | 65 ± 3 | 46 ± 7 | 55 ± 5 | 0.13 |
| RMSSD, ms | 65 ± 4 | 44 ± 8* | 47 ± 7 | 0.03 |
| Cardiac baroreflex sensitivity, ms/mmHg | 26.0 ± 3.5 | 10.9 ± 1.4* | 15.7 ± 3.4 | 0.01 |
Data are reported as means ± SE from nonobese (n = 7), obese (n = 11), and bariatric (n = 8) groups, unless otherwise noted (insulin, epinephrine, norepinephrine: nonobese, n = 6; cardiac output: nonobese, n = 6, obese, n = 10; cardiac baroreflex sensitivity: obese, n = 10). One-way ANOVA was performed to determine the main effect of group (nonobese, obese, bariatric). BMI, body mass index; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; NN, mean time between normal cardiac cycles; SDNN, standard deviation of normal cardiac cycles; RMSSD, root mean square of successive heart beat internal differences.
*
P < 0.05 vs. nonobese.
†
P < 0.05 vs. bariatric.