Table 2.

Average cumulative dispensing of agents used in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease in disease-modifying medication in defined daily dose [DDD] in Norwegian patients with ulcerative colitis 2 years before and after first dispense of low-dose naltrexone [LDN]. Three groups based on number of LDN dispenses: LDN ×1 [N = 189] collected LDN once, LDN ×2–3 [N = 137] two or three times and LDN ×4+ [N = 256] four or more times. Other systemic immunosuppressants include azathioprine, mercaptopurine, methotrexate cyclosporine and tacrolimus.

		Average DDD per patient		Difference of mean
		Before LDN	After LDN	DDD	[95% CI]	p
All drugs being studied	LDN ×1	525.4	536.6	11.2	[–73.0 to 95.4]	0.793
	LDN ×2–3	487.9	469.4	–18.5	[–81.0 to 44.1]	0.560
	LDN ×4+	589.7	538.0	–51.8	[–111.4 to7.9]	0.089
Systemic immunosuppressants	LDN ×1	222.5	238.0	15.4	[–32.5 to 63.4]	0.526
	LDN ×2–3	177.8	188.9	11.1	[–28.5 to 50.7]	0.581
	LDN ×4+	221.9	198.7	–23.2	[–55.5 to 9.0]	0.158
Systemic corticosteroids	LDN ×1	104.4	93.7	–10.7	[–36.0 to 14.6]	0.404
	LDN ×2–3	82.0	95.9	14.0	[–15.7 to 26.8]	0.354
	LDN ×4+	126.5	107.3	–19.3	[–46.0 to 7.5]	0.157
TNF-α inhibitors	LDN ×1	61.4	88.3	26.9	[–7.6 to 61.3]	0.126
	LDN ×2–3	50.9	54.6	3.7	[–26.8 to 34.1]	0.812
	LDN ×4+	47.1	41.1	–5.9	[–21.4 to 9.6]	0.451
Other systemic immunosuppressants	LDN ×1	56.7	56.0	–0.7	[–19.3 to 18.0]	0.943
	LDN ×2–3	44.9	38.4	–6.5	[–20.3 to 7.3]	0.351
	LDN ×4+	48.3.8	50.3	2.0	[–13.3 to 17.2]	0.799
Intestinal anti-inflammatory agents	LDN ×1	302.9	298.6	–4.2	[–60.7 to 52.3]	0.883
	LDN ×2–3	310.1	280.5	–29.5	[–71.5 to 12.4]	0.166
	LDN ×4+	367.8	339.3	–28.5	[–77.7 to 20.0]	0.248
Intestinal corticosteroids	LDN ×1	30.6	32.8	2.2	[–9.7 to 14.1]	0.716
	LDN ×2–3	40.4	33.9	–6.6	[–20.1 to 7.0]	0.339
	LDN ×4+	33.7	21.7	–12.0	[–25.4 to 1.4]	0.079
Aminosalicylates	LDN ×1	272.3	265.8	–6.4	[–60.9 to 48.0]	0.816
	LDN ×2–3	269.6	246.7	–23.0	[–65.0 to 19.0]	0.281
	LDN ×4+	334.1	317.5	–16.5	[–59.6 to 26.5]	0.449