TABLE 3.
Effects of a sleep extension intervention on dietary intake and quality in the sleep extension group compared with the control group1
| Control group (n = 21) | Sleep extension group (n = 21) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Change from baseline | Baseline | Change from baseline | Mean difference2 | P 2 | P 3 | |
| Energy, kcal/d | 1743 (1556, 1929) | −6.8 (−201.7, 188.0) | 1846 (1645, 2047) | −176.4 (−371.2, 18.4) | −169.6 (−469.1, 130.0) | 0.259 | 0.156 |
| Protein | |||||||
| g/d4 | 68.8 (60.0, 78.9) | −6.1 (−16.5, 4.3) | 76.6 (65.8, 89.1) | −1.5 (−11.9, 8.9) | 4.5 (11.5, 20.6) | 0.570 | 0.616 |
| % of energy | 16.6 (14.8, 18.4) | −1.9 (−3.7, −0.03) | 17.7 (15.6, 19.7) | 1.6 (−0.3, 3.4) | 3.4 (0.6, 6.2) | 0.018 | 0.027 |
| Carbohydrates | |||||||
| g/d | 195.5 (178.3, 212.7) | 3.1 (−15.3, 21.4) | 212.0 (188.0, 236.1) | −22.0 (−40.3, −3.6) | −25.0 (−53.4, 3.4) | 0.083 | 0.041 |
| % of energy | 45.6 (43.0, 48.2) | 0.4 (−1.7, 2.6) | 46.3 (43.8, 48.8) | 0.2 (−1.9, 2.3) | −0.2 (−3.5, 3.1) | 0.898 | 0.832 |
| Sugar | |||||||
| g/d4 | 71.8 (62.4, 82.7) | −2.8 (−13.4, 7.8) | 74.0 (62.2, 88.1) | −14.3 (−24.9, −3.6) | −11.5 (−27.8, 4.9) | 0.164 | 0.072 |
| % of energy | 15.8 (13.7, 18.0) | −1.1 (−3.2, 1.1) | 16.6 (14.1, 19.2) | −0.8 (−2.9, 1.4) | 0.3 (−3.0, 3.5) | 0.867 | 0.764 |
| Free sugars | |||||||
| g/d4 | 25.9 (16.0, 31.9) | 0.7 (−5.7, 7.2) | 25.3 (17.0, 38.2) | −9.6 (−16.0, −3.1)5 | −10.3 (−20.2, −0.4) | 0.042 | 0.031 |
| % of energy | 6.2 (4.9, 7.5) | −0.1 (−1.5, 1.3) | 6.3 (5.2, 7.4) | −1.5 (−2.9, −0.1) | −1.4 (−3.5, 0.7) | 0.181 | 0.153 |
| Fiber,4 g/d | 18.2 (15.4, 21.5) | −1.3 (−4.3, 1.7) | 20.7 (17.6, 24.4) | −3.6 (−6.6, −0.6) | −2.3 (−6.9, 2.4) | 0.329 | 0.154 |
| Fat | |||||||
| g/d4 | 66.0 (56.1, 77.8) | 1.6 (−9.7, 13.0) | 67.7 (57.4, 79.9) | −10.7 (−22.0, 0.7) | −12.3 (−29.8, 5.2) | 0.162 | 0.079 |
| % of energy | 35.5 (32.8, 38.3) | 1.0 (−1.2, 3.1) | 34.6 (32.1, 37.2) | −2.1 (−4.2, 0.1) | −3.0 (−6.4, 0.3) | 0.074 | 0.037 |
| Saturated fat | |||||||
| g/d | 25.1 (20.4, 29.8) | −0.2 (−4.6, 4.1) | 23.7 (20.3, 27.2) | 3.1 (−7.4, 1.2) | −2.9 (−9.5, 3.8) | 0.390 | 0.272 |
| % of energy | 12.7 (11.1, 14.3) | 0.2 (−1.2, 1.6) | 11.5 (10.4, 12.5) | −0.7 (−2.1, 0.7) | −0.9 (−3.1, 1.3) | 0.421 | 0.407 |
| Alcohol6 | |||||||
| g/d | 10.7 (0.8, 22.4) | −2.7 (−6.2, 0.8) | 6.2 (0.1, 15.4) | 0.6 (−2.9, 4.1) | 3.3 (−2.1, 8.8) | 0.226 | 0.282 |
| % of energy | 3.7 (0.3, 7.8) | −0.5 (−2.0, 1.0) | 1.9 (0.02, 6.1) | 0.4 (−1.1, 2.0) | 0.9 (−1.4, 3.3) | 0.432 | 0.434 |
| Caffeine,6 mg/d | 93.1 (20.7, 143.7) | −14.6 (−32.8, 3.6) | 92.5 (20.0, 120.3) | −9.4 (−27.6, 8.8) | 5.2 (−22.8, 33.2) | 0.709 | 0.875 |
| Eating Choices Index6 | 14.5 (12.0, 17.8) | −0.3 (−1.4, 0.9) | 14.5 (12.0, 16.0) | −0.1 (−1.2, 1.0) | 0.1 (−1.7, 1.9) | 0.895 | |
| UK guidelines | 19.6 (17.0, 22.1) | −2.5 (−4.8, −0.2) | 19.7 (17.4, 22.0) | 1.3 (−1.0, 3.6) | 3.8 (0.3, 7.4) | 0.036 | |
| adherence score | |||||||
Values are means (95% CIs). There were no significant differences between groups at baseline.
Differences in the change from baseline between groups were tested by ANCOVA, with baseline measurements and change in time in bed as covariates. The mean difference represents sleep extension change from baseline minus control change from baseline.
Plausible reporters [n = 18 controls (86%), n = 20 sleep extension participants (95%)].
Baseline values are geometric means (95% CIs). Data were log-transformed.
Significant difference within the group; baseline and endpoint data were tested by paired-samples t test (P < 0.05).
Baseline data were nonparametric; values presented are unadjusted medians (upper, lower quartiles).