Table 2.

Biochemical response of cabralealactone, solasodin, salvadorin following CCl₄-induced liver insult in rats

Groups	Mean ± SD (n=10)
	ALT (IU/L)	AFP (ng/L)	8-OHdG (pg/mL)	TNF-α (ng/mL)	IsoP-2α (pg/mL)	MDA (nmol/mL)	COX-2 (ng/mL)
A	25.11±4.32f,g	7.32±3.60f	2.88±0.33e	20.52±3.95d	29.67±2.3e,f	1.99±0.60g	0.51±0.0016a
B	179.82±20.03a	92.26±10.60a	39.06±10.51a	163.55±28.36a	171.96±24.44a	12.74±1.37a	2.09±0.035b
C	74.24±11.97b	40.87±10.19b	29.15±1.90b	56.33±6.78b	103.56±6.25b	6.35±1.52b,c	1.60±0.135d
D	63.50±5.58b,c	37.65±10.82b	28.89±5.40b	34.30±7.09c	87.24±17.81c	6.77±1.26b	1.75±0.196d
E	53.07±7.48c,d	43.15±8.80b	23.10±3.27c	22.79±3.11c,d	56.24±6.40d	5.41±1.35b–d	1.55±0.283d
F	42.07±3.25d,e	27.31±5.58c	18.02±3.30c	17.51±1.17d	32.47±7.03e	4.05±1.30d–f	1.67±0.335d
G	40.13±2.75e	20.494±3.97c,d	20.72±2.24c	15.41±2.51d	19.60±3.72e–g	5.09±0.85c–e	1.76±0.462d
H	41.55±4.34d,e	17.71±1.20d,e	18.01±2.38c	15.20±2.58d	15.41±3.03f,g	3.65±0.53e,f	1.55±0.386d
I	20.45±5.05g	9.36±1.38e,f	8.69±2.08d	12.40±1.69d	9.84±0.97g	2.63±0.59f,g	0.62±0.014a
J	35.10±8.12e,f	10.83±2.56e,f	11.92±1.95d	12.69±4.00d	16.19±2.28f,g	3.25±1.22f,g	0.82±0.058c
LSD (0.05)	11.70	8.87	5.48	12.52	13.89	1.43	1.25
p-value	0.0413	0.011	0.006	0.018	0.007	0.014	0.000

Notes: CCl₄ @ 1 mL/kg b.wt. per week. Cabralealactone, solasodin, salvadorin @ 100 mg/kg b.wt. Clavazin @ 200 mg/kg b.wt. Superscript letters indicate that values not sharing a common letter differ significantly.

Abbreviations: 8-OHdG, 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AFP, α-fetoprotein; CCl₄, carbon tetrachloride; COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2; isoP-2α, isoprostanes-2 alpha; LSD, least significance difference; MDA, malondialdehyde; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha; A, Control; B, CCl₄; C, cabralealactone; D, solasodin; E, salvadorin; F, cabralealactone+solasodin; G, cabralealactone+salvadorin; H, solasodin+salvadorin; I, cabralealactone+solasodin+salvadorin; J, Clavazin.