Figure 4.

Differential expression of G6PD, glucokinase, phosphofructokinase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, and CPT1a hepatic genes on normal, untreated, metformin-treated, and FFP-supplemented diabetic mice. The expression of target genes (± SEM) was normalized with β-actin, and the untreated diabetic group was used as control for comparison. Fold change >2 compared with the untreated group was considered significant. Different superscript letters indicate a significant difference compared with the untreated diabetic group, p<0.05.

Note: FFP0.1 and FFP1.0 indicate 0.1 and 1.0 g, respectively, of FFP per kg of body weight.

Abbreviation: FFP, fermented food paste.