Table 1.
Study population characteristics at initial presentation, including demographics and history variables (univariate analysis)
| Population characteristics | Total population (N=468) | Patents who had normal initial venous lactatea (n=303, 64.7%) | Patients who had elevated initial venous lactateb (n=165, 35.3%) | p-valuec |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, median (IQR), years | 59.5 (47–71) | 62 (47–74) | 55 (46–67) | 0.01 |
| Gender, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Male | 250 (53.4) | 143 (47.2) | 107 (64.8) | |
| Female | 218 (46.6) | 160 (52.8) | 58 (35.2) | |
| Ethnicity/race, n (%) | 0.89 | |||
| Caucasian | 255 (54.5) | 163 (53.8) | 92 (55.7) | |
| Hispanic | 151 (32.3) | 100 (33.0) | 51 (30.9) | |
| African-American | 25 (5.3) | 15 (4.9) | 10 (6.1) | |
| Other | 37 (7.9) | 25 (8.3) | 12 (7.3) | |
| Language, n (%) | 0.06 | |||
| English | 426 (91.0) | 269 (88.8) | 157 (95.2) | |
| Spanish | 34 (7.3) | 28 (9.2) | 6 (3.6) | |
| Other | 8 (1.7) | 6 (1.9) | 2 (1.2) | |
| Insurance, n (%) | 0.003 | |||
| Medicare | 231 (49.4) | 168 (55.4) | 63 (38.2) | |
| Medicaid | 155 (33.1) | 86 (28.4) | 69 (41.8) | |
| Private | 63 (13.5) | 39 (12.9) | 24 (14.5) | |
| Uninsured | 19 (4.0) | 10 (3.3) | 9 (5.5) | |
| History of prior GIB, n (%) | 98 (20.9) | 59 (19.5) | 39 (23.6) | 0.29 |
| History of alcohol use, n (%) | 276 (58.9) | 202 (66.7) | 74 (44.8) | <0.001 |
| History of smoking, n (%) | 126 (26.9) | 88 (29.0) | 38 (23.0) | 0.16 |
| History of NSAID use, n (%) | 84 (17.9) | 54 (17.8) | 30 (18.2) | 0.92 |
| Use of anticoagulant, n (%) | 48 (10.3) | 29 (9.6) | 19 (11.5) | 0.51 |
| Use of aspirin, n (%) | 112 (23.9) | 78 (25.7) | 34 (20.6) | 0.21 |
| Charlson comorbidity index, median (IQR) | 3 (1–5) | 3 (1–5) | 4 (1–5) | 0.47 |
Notes:
a
Normal venous lactate range 0.5–2.0 mmol/L.
b
Elevated venous lactate >2.0 mmol/L.
c
p-values cited compare patients with normal and elevated venous lactate on presentation. Bold values signify statistically significant p-values.
Abbreviations: IQR, interquartile range; GIB, gastrointestinal bleeding; NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.