Amelioration by JP4-039/F15 treatment of head and neck radiation-induced elevated RNA transcripts for TGF-β in the oral cavity. Tongue tissue was removed for each group of mice (n = 5/ group) at day 1 or day 5 after the final dose in the single-fraction or fractionated irradiation protocols. Tongue tissue was prepared for rt-PCR and standardized to GAPDH level, as described in Materials and Methods, for Fancg−/− (panel A) and Fanca−/− (panel B) mice. In panel A, for JP4-039 compared to 30 Gy, *P < 0.0054, *P < 0.0255; for JP4-039 compared to 30 Gy + F15, #P < 0.0085, #P < 0.1761; and for JP4-039 compared to 30 Gy + 4-amino-Tempo/F15, ^P < 0.2537, ^P < 0.0015. In panel B, for JP4-039 compared to 30 Gy, *P = 0.6113, *P = 0.0001; for JP4-093 compared to 30 Gy + F15, #P = 0.5928, #P =0.9727; and for JP4-039 compared to 30 Gy + 4-amino-Tempo/F15, ^P = 0.3097, ^P = 0.1535.