Figure 5.

Imaging of clinical radioembolization agent ⁹⁰Y Theraspheres® with characteristic X-rays. a,b, Representative images of 1 mCi Theraspheres® injected intratoumorally into BT-474 orthotopic breast tumours (red arrow) using characteristic X-ray energy windows for Eu₂O₃ and Bi₂O₃ NPs, respectively, shows no appreciable signal (n=3 animals, representative image shown). c,d, Imaging of Theraspheres® co-injected with Eu₂O₃ or Bi₂O₃ NPs shows selective signal near NP injection site (n=4 animals, representative image shown). Lymph node imaging of drainage from right and left hind footpads with ⁹⁰Y labelled Eu₂O₃ and AuNP respectively with e, IVIS open filter, and f, select 620nm and 700nm wavelengths to identify Eu₂O₃ selective drainage (n=3, representative single mouse sequence shown). g, SPECT-CT showing characteristic X-rays from 66.9keV ionization of gold from Au-PEG-DOTA(⁹⁰Y) NPs draining into sentinel lymph nodes 48h post intradermal tail injection (n=3 animals, representative mouse image shown). Corresponding IVIS image to (Fig. 5g) can be found in Fig. S20. h, Non-CL light based PDT. Radionuclides ¹⁸F, ³⁵S, and ^99mTc were added to cells in vitro, along with TiO₂ NP with transferrin attached (Tf) with and without titanocene (Tc). Therapeutic effects were demonstrated with radionuclides that do not emit CL, highlighting NP derived light can be as useful for PDT alongside CL (n=3 independent samples, centre value=mean, error bars=SD). **=P< 0.01, ****=P< 0.0001, ns=not significant.