Fig 6. Palmitate-mediated augmentation of GSIS occurs independently of TXNIP mRNA regulation.

INS-1E cells were incubated for 1 h in KRB supplemented with test substances as described under Materials and methods. (A and B) Parallel measurement of (A) insulin secretion and (B) changes of TXNIP mRNA levels (ΔΔCt). (C) Insulin secretion of INS-1E cells after transient transfection with TXNIP or control virus. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM of n = 3–4 independent experiments. **p<0.01 denotes significance to the respective 2.8 mM Glc; ^#p<0.05, ^##p<0.01 to 12 mM Glc; ^$ $p<0.01 to 20 mM Glc; ^§§p<0.001 to control virus transfected cells at 20 mM Glc; ^&&p<0.01 significant effect of palmitate vs 20 mM Glc in TXNIP overexpressing cells. Abbreviations: Glc, Glucose, Pal, palmitate.