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. 2018 May 29;8:8201. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-25607-1

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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OT inhalation decreases staring and flattens social hierarchy. (A) Overall, OT treatment reduces staring by M1 (n = 180 face-off sessions * 2 treatment conditions). Black line: gamma fit of saline distribution; magenta line: gamma fit of OT distribution; arrows indicate medians. (B) OT treatment also reduces overall staring time by M2. Black line: gamma fit of saline distribution; magenta line: gamma fit of OT distribution; arrows indicate medians. Insert: Compared with saline (grey), OT (pink) does not change M1’s staring at an empty chair. Error bars: mean ± SEM. (C) As M1 staring increases, M2 staring decreases, and the difference between the two widens correspondingly. X axis: monkey pairs ordered according to the difference between M1 and M2 staring time; left to right corresponds to increasing dominance of M1 over M2. (D) OT inhalation narrows the gap between M1 and M2 staring durations and flattens the dominance hierarchy. X axis: monkey pairs in the same order as in (C).