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. 2018 May 29;8:8201. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-25607-1

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Focal injections of OT and AVP into ACCg reduce staring, flatten social hierarchy, and enhance behavioral synchronization. (A) Both OT and AVP injections reduce staring by M1 (n = 60 face-off sessions * 3 treatment conditions). Black line: gamma fit of saline distribution; magenta line: gamma fit of OT distribution; maroon line: gamma fit of AVP distribution; arrows indicate medians. (B) OT and AVP injections also reduce staring by M2. Black line: gamma fit of saline distribution; magenta line: gamma fit of OT distribution; maroon line: gamma fit of AVP distribution; arrows indicate medians. Insert: Neither OT (pink) nor AVP (red) treatment significantly change the average time (in s) M1 spent staring at an empty chair. Error bars: mean ± SEM. (C) Both OT and AVP injections in ACCg decrease the difference between M1 and M2 staring. X axis: monkey pairs ordered by staring difference between M1 and M2 under saline; left to right corresponds to increasing dominance of M1 over M2. (D) AVP but not OT injection also significantly reduces the turning away time of M1. Error bars: mean ± SEM. (E) OT and AVP injections into ACCg both enhance the cross correlation between M1 and M2’s staring. Thickness of the curves indicates mean ± SEM. (F) OT and AVP injections into ACCg also enhance the cross correlation between M2 staring and M1 turning away. Thickness of the curves indicates mean ± SEM.