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Maternal exposure to stress factors during pregnancy programs fetal mitochondria. An increase in ROS, respiratory chain inhibition and a vicious circle of ROS-induced ROS release and a reduction of mitochondrial antioxidant system MnSOD damages mitDNA. Mitochondrial programming in response to intrauterine stress factors has been found in pancreatic β-cells, cardiomyocytes, vascular endothelium and nephrons, contributing to cardiometabolic diseases.
