Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study population.
| Total (n = 1939) | Recommended food score (RFS) | p-value† | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 (n = 465) | Q2 (n = 486) | Q3 (n = 480) | Q4 (n = 508) | |||
| Score, mean/median (range) | 19.6/20 (0–48) | 7.6/8 (0–12) | 16.1/16 (13–19) | 22.5/22 (20–25) | 31.2/30 (26–48) | — |
| Age, years | 56.6 ± 0.2 | 59.9 ± 0.4a | 58.3 ± 0.4b | 55.2 ± 0.4c | 53.2 ± 0.3d | <0.001 |
| Sex %, (n) | ||||||
| Male | 46.0 (892) | 46.7 (217) | 45.5 (221) | 49.6 (238) | 42.5 (216) | 0.165 |
| Female | 54.0 (1,047) | 53.3 (248) | 54.5 (265) | 50.4 (242) | 57.5 (292) | |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 24.3 ± 0.1 | 24.2 ± 0.2 | 24.2 ± 0.1 | 24.3 ± 0.1 | 24.5 ± 0.1 | 0.349 |
| Education %, (n) | ||||||
| Elementary | 40.9 (792) | 62.3 (289) | 50.0 (243) | 31.6 (151) | 21.5 (109) | <0.001 |
| Middle school | 20.3 (392) | 17.7 (82) | 21.2 (103) | 20.7 (99) | 21.3 (108) | |
| High school | 27.7 (535) | 15.3 (71) | 21.6 (105) | 33.9 (162) | 38.9 (197) | |
| University | 11.2 (216) | 4.7 (22) | 7.2 (35) | 13.8 (66) | 18.3 (93) | |
| Income status %, (n) | ||||||
| Lowest | 37.4 (718) | 59.0 (269) | 44.5 (215) | 29.3 (140) | 18.7 (94) | <0.001 |
| Lower middle | 22.9 (439) | 22.8 (104) | 25.3 (122) | 20.5 (98) | 22.9 (115) | |
| Upper middle | 27.7 (531) | 14.7 (67) | 22.8 (110) | 36.2 (173) | 36.0 (181) | |
| Highest | 12.1 (232) | 3.5 (16) | 7.5 (36) | 14.0 (67) | 22.5 (113) | |
| Smoking status %, (n) | ||||||
| Never | 63.1 (1,222) | 60.0 (279) | 64.2 (312) | 60.8 (292) | 66.9 (339) | <0.001 |
| Former | 16.7 (323) | 13.8 (64) | 14.8 (72) | 20.4 (98) | 17.6 (89) | |
| Current | 20.3 (393) | 26.2 (122) | 21.0 (102) | 18.9 (90) | 15.6 (79) | |
| Drinking status %, (n) | ||||||
| Never | 48.3 (935) | 52.0 (242) | 49.8 (242) | 45.2 (217) | 46.2 (234) | 0.358 |
| Former | 4.3 (84) | 4.7 (22) | 3.9 (19) | 4.4 (21) | 4.3 (22) | |
| Current | 47.4 (919) | 43.2 (201) | 46.3 (225) | 50.4 (242) | 49.5 (251) | |
| Metabolic equivalent (h) | 53.5 ± 0.4 | 58.2 ± 0.8a | 54.9 ± 0.8b | 50.0 ± 0.7c | 51.1 ± 0.7c | <0.001 |
| Energy intake, kcal | 1775.2 ± 13.6 | 1449.5 ± 19.6a | 1665.2 ± 22.2b | 1825.7 ± 22.8c | 2127.0 ± 31.5d | <0.001 |
| Hypertension %, (n) | 31.6 (613) | 37.2 (173) | 34.4 (167) | 30.2 (145) | 25.2 (128) | <0.001 |
Values are expressed as means ± standard error for continuous variables and percentages and numbers counts for categorical variables. †Statistical differences were determined using chi-square test for categorical variables and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for continuous variables with Bonferroni’s multiple correction (p < 0.05).