FIGURE 1.

Treatment with Fasciola hepatica EVs ameliorates clinical symptoms and partially avoids colon shortening in DSS-induced acute colitis. (A) Extracellular vesicles were obtained by differential ultracentrifugation and ultrastructure was confirmed by TEM. (B) Schematic time schedule of immunization with F. hepatica EVs (FhEVs) and DSS-induction of colitis in C57B/L6 mice. (C) Disease activity index (DAI) was evaluated daily using the parameters of weight loss, diarrhea, and bleeding as described in methods. Statistical significance between two experimental groups was assessed using the Independent-Sample t-test (^∗∗∗p < 0.001, significantly different between the control and DSS group; ^∗p < 0.05 significantly different between the immunized group and the DSS group; using one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s t-test). (D,E) Colon length was measured as an indirect marker of inflammation.