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. 2018 May 23;9:533. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00533

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Copyright © 2018 Li, van Esch, Henricks, Folkerts and Garssen.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Butyrate and propionate inhibited IL-6 in LPS and TNFα-stimulated HUVEC. Pre-treatment with butyrate (0.1 mM) and propionate (0.3 mM) for 24 h significantly reduced IL-6 levels in 12 h LPS- or TNFα-stimulated groups. (A) and (B) show the effects of butyrate; (C) and (D) show the role of GLPG and/or SHB on the effects of propionate; N = 4, ^∗∗p < 0.01, ^∗∗∗p < 0.001 compared with control group; ^##p < 0.01, ^###p < 0.001 compared with LPS or TNFα group; ^$p < 0.05, ^$$p < 0.01, ^$$$p < 0.001 compared with butyrate or propionate alone group.