Table 1.

Parameters set in our experiments.

Network parameter	Description	Value
T	Time window	30 ms
Vth	Threshold (MNIST/object detection dataset/N-MNIST)	1.5, 2.0, 0.2
τ	Decay factor (MNIST/object detection dataset/N-MNIST)	0.1, 0.15, 0.2 ms
a1, a2, a3, a4	Derivative approximation parameters (Figure 3)	1.0
dt	Simulation time step	1 ms
r	Learning rate (SGD)	0.5
β1, β2, λ	Adam parameters	0.9, 0.999, 1-10−8