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. 2018 May 29;8:8194. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-26519-w

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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DMF downregulates the expression of antigen-presentation molecules, costimulatory molecule CD40 and survival marker BAFFR on B cells. (A) Purified B cells of HC and untreated RRMS patients were treated in vitro with 10 µM DMF or were left untreated. Expression (MFI) of HLA-DR/DP/DQ (HC: n = 8, MS: n = 7), CD40 (HC: n = 8, MS: n = 7), CD80 (HC: n = 9, MS: n = 7) and CD86 (HC: n = 9, MS: n = 7) on B cells and % CD80⁺ (HC: n = 8, MS: n = 7) and % CD86⁺ (HC: n = 9 MS: n = 7) B cells is depicted for HC and MS patients. (B) Purified B cells of HC and untreated RRMS patients were treated in vitro with the following concentrations of DMF: 10 µM (HC: n = 14, MS: n = 5), 16 µM (HC: n = 11, MS: n = 4), 25 µM (HC: n = 9, MS: n = 6) and 50 µM (HC: n = 7, MS: n = 5), or with MMF: 50 µM (HC: n = 9, MS: n = 4) or were left untreated (HC: n = 14 and MS: n = 5). (C) Plasma BAFF levels of RRMS patients at baseline (n = 11), 3 m of DMF treatment (n = 9) and 12 m of DMF treatment (n = 11) and expression (MFI) of BAFFR on B cells of RRMS patients at baseline and 12 m of DMF treatment (n = 12). A Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA was used to compare the different groups and a Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test was used to determine p values between two groups. ^*p < 0.05, ^**p < 0.01, ^***p < 0.001, ^****p < 0.0001. HLA-DR/DP/DQ = human leukocyte antigen, HC = healthy control, MS = multiple sclerosis, DMF = dimethyl fumarate, MFI = mean fluorescence intensity, BAFF(R) = B cell activating factor (receptor), pos = positive.