Table 1.
Characteristics of study subjects.
| Group | N | Agea | Female % (F/M)b | EDSSc | Previous treatment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Follow-up study | |||||
| RRMS DMF-treated | 12 | 34 ± 12 | 58 (7/5) | 2.8 ± 1.2 | UT: 8, IFN: 4 |
| Cross-sectional study | |||||
| HC | 10 | 30 ± 6 | 60 (6/4) | N.A. | N.A. |
| RRMS UT | 25 | 36 ± 11 | 72 (18/7) | 2.5 ± 1 | UT: 19, IFN: 4, GA: 2 |
| RRMS DMF-treated 0–5 m | 23 | 37 ± 9 | 61 (14/9) | 2.1 ± 1.2 | UT: 15, IFN: 5, TF: 3 |
| RRMS DMF-treated 6–12 m | 23 | 36 ± 10 | 70 (16/7) | 1.7 ± 1.2 | UT: 10, IFN: 10, GA: 1, TF: 1 |
| RRMS DMF-treated > 12 m | 18 | 35 ± 10 | 72 (13/5) | 1.6 ± 1.4 | UT: 3, IFN: 12, GA: 2, TF: 1 |
| In vitro study | |||||
| Costimulatory molecules | |||||
| HC | 9 | 37 ± 12 | 55 (5/4) | N.A. | N.A. |
| RRMS UT | 7 | 45 ± 11 | 57 (4/3) | 2.8 ± 1.8 | UT: 6, IFN: 1 |
| Apoptosis | |||||
| HC | 12 | 34 ± 11 | 67 (8/4) | N.A. | N.A. |
| RRMS UT | 6 | 45 ± 8 | 66 (4/2) | 2.8 ± 1.9 | UT: 4, IFN: 2 |
| BAFFR | |||||
| HC | 14 | 33 ± 11 | 71 (10/4) | N.A | N.A. |
| RRMS UT | 6 | 45 ± 8 | 66 (4/2) | 2.8 ± 1.9 | UT: 4, IFN: 2 |
| Breg frequency | |||||
| RRMS UT | 5 | 38 ± 13 | 80 (4/1) | 2 ± 0.8 | UT: 5 |
aMean age in years; bnumber of female (F) and male (M) individuals; cmean Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS); IFN = interferon-β, RRMS = relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, DMF = dimethyl fumarate, HC = healthy control, m = months, Breg = regulatory B cell, N.A. = not applicable, UT = untreated, TF = teriflunomide, GA = glatiramer acetate.