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. 2018 May 29;9:2100. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-04497-x

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Prolonged SSFO-mediated activation of VM neurons awakens mice from NREM sleep and promotes sustained wakefulness. a Top; time of blue light stimulation and hypnogram showing manually scored vigilance states (4-s epochs; 12 h light period). All four blue light stimulations are followed by consolidated wake bouts. Relative EEG power in parietal cortex and VM MUA (4-s epochs) are normalized to the 12 h mean. b Cumulative distribution function (CDF) plots of automatically detected latency to awakening after VM stimulation in NREM and REM sleep in SSFO-VM mice and in control mice (GFP-VM). NS; p > 0.05, **p < 0.005, blue light stimulation vs. yellow mock stimulation in SSFO-VM, paired t-test (n = 4 mice); *p < 0.05, blue light stimulation in SSFO-VM vs. control mice, ks-test, using the mean of each mouse (n = 4 mice/group). c CDF plots of manually scored duration of the first wake bout after stimulation during NREM and REM sleep. *p < 0.01, **p < 0.001; blue light stimulation vs. yellow light mock stimulation in SSFO-VM, paired t-test using mean of each mouse, blue light stimulation in SSFO-VM vs. in control mice, unpaired t-test (n = 4 mice/group)